Aa Meeting Paper

I attended an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. The meeting I attended was on a Sunday morning at 8am. A group of 11 gathered to share their experiences under the deadly addiction of alcoholism and it was an open lead meeting. It was a very interesting experience for me. I have never been to an AA meeting, so I really didn't know what to expect. When I got there everyone was really friendly and I explained that I was a UNK student and I was just there to observe because I had to write a paper about AA. The first part of the meeting was a reading from the big book as they call it.The first reading summarized the AA creed and the second was a passage from the â€Å"book. † I noticed that almost everyone had a copy of it. It looked just like a Bible, and indeed, they treated it as such. A guy reading the mission of AA started the meeting and then a different man read the 12 steps that an alcoholic follows to gain sobriety. Then the lead was introduced and he had everyone go around th e room and say their name. When everyone said their name they would say, â€Å"My name is â€Å" ¦and I am an alcoholic. † The guy giving the lead told about how he started drinking and the various experiences that he went through while drinking.Some of the things he talked about sounded really rough. It was surprising to me that someone could stand up there and tell their life story and all the awful things they had done. After he talked about her alcoholism, he then began to discuss how he became sober and how great it feels to have his sobriety. Following was a guy in his early 50s who spoke about his sobriety ,he discussed about his struggles with alcohol and how he feels like he don’t have a ‘’real family â€Å", joining these meeting gives him a family that was After the lead, the group leader came up and read announcements.Then a collection basket was passed around, and everyone put some donation into the basket. Then the group leader asked for everyone to hold hands and say the â€Å"Our Father† prayer. After the prayer, the meeting was over with. There were some brochures at the front of the room about addiction and AA. I thought that having brochures was a great way for people to get information. On my way to the meeting I had all kinds of images of what an addict look like , as it turned out I was wrong , an addict don’t look a specific way , everyone looked normal , my first impression was ‘’ wow they look like an everyday normal personal.I thought they were going to look dirty , smelly it turns out that I was , the men and women that was there had families , grand kids , they weren’t criminals , except for one who was a dope dealer . After the meeting I spoke with one of the lady who’s been AA for almost five weeks , she ‘s a CNA with two kids and is currently engage . One of the things brought up which I thought was very interesting was during the times of her struggles with this disease she didn’t want to admit to her problems because she felt like he had an Image to keep at work ‘’. It really changed my view of what an addict alike .

Labor-Leisure Model in the Everyday Life

Labor-Leisure Model in the Everyday Life I like many other college students am not currently seeking work in the labor force. As a student athlete playing golf I am constantly juggling my time between my studies as a senior Economics major, and maximizing my golfing potential and chasing my ultimate dream of becoming a professional golfer. Throughout this paper I will explain how I maximize my utility in different circumstances using the labor-leisure model.As I am not actively looking for work in the labor market my indifference curve is so steep there are no tangencies to my reservation wage, which is defined as the â€Å"lowest wage rate at which a worker is willing to accept a job. † By dedicating all my time to studying and practise, and none to the labor force my indifference curve has no tangency to my constraint. As a rational person who wants to maximize utility; the current wage rate is not high enough for me to substitute work for things I prefer to do in my free ti me, such as playing golf or studying for a test.I am fortunate enough that my parents have the opportunity to help me financially during my time at college, so I have a source of â€Å"unearned income† that I receive for working zero hours in the labor market. This â€Å"unearned income† is shown by the spike in figure 1 below. As mentioned above because of my high regard for leisure and the modest wages I am offered as a student with some college experience; my indifference curve has no tangencies to my constraint. Figure 1 depicts where utility is maximized at point A.As a utility maximizer it suits my personal preferences to accept the unearned income given to me by my parents and consume more leisure time. â€Å"Point [A] represents the highest utility that can be reached by [myself], given the budget constraint. † The labor-leisure model makes the assumption that leisure is a desirable product, which in my case it is. Furthermore, substituting three or four hours in the labor force for more hours of leisure time is an easy decision for a utility maximizer to make. The government faces similar problems with modern day welfare.Because of the modest wages offered to unskilled workers, and size of recent welfare packages many people maximize utility by removing themselves from the labor force, and accept benefits offered by the government whilst consuming more leisure time. As mentioned above, during school I am constantly dividing my time between practising for golf, and studying my current classes. Using the Production Possibilities frontier (shown in Figure 2 below) I can graphically show the choices I make in a variety of scenarios as a utility maximizer.Like most economic models it is a simplification of reality that represents â€Å"economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical quantitative relationships between them. † To maintain the simplicity of the model I am assuming my average day consists of 16 hours, of which I divide my time between either practising golf or studying. I rarely dedicate all my waking hours to specifically golf or studying, but for the consistency of this model that assumption will be made.Figure 2 shows my personal production possibilities frontier, which â€Å"shows the alternative outputs of [golf practise] and [studying] that can be produced† by myself in any given day. â€Å"The production possibility curve clearly exhibits the notion of technical efficiency. † Any point inside the curve is considered inefficient, and any point outside the curve is unachievable. The production possibility frontier clearly shows that depending on how I allocate my time directly affects my productivity in both areas.For example, if I dedicate a disproportionate amount of time to studying my golf performance will decline as my grades increase, and vice-versa. As shown in Figure 2 there are many different combinations of golf practise and studying. Maximizing utili ty in this model is my selection of the most appropriate combination of studying and golf practise for the circumstances of that day. One of the biggest advantages of playing an individual sport is having the ability to design a schedule that suits my day to day activity.Points A, B, C, D and E all represent possible utility maximizing schedules on my production possibilities frontier. There are many factors that could affect my everyday schedule. For example, If I have a particularly important tournament coming up I may find it utility maximizing to substitute some hours studying for some hours practising at the golf course. This schedule would make my indifference curve steeper than usual, like the indifference curve U4 in figure 2. My grades may suffer at this schedule; however, performing well in tournaments also just as important so the schedule is still utility maximizing.I will maximize utility at a completely different point on my production possibilities frontier during fin als week. I will be more likely to substitute hours practising golf for time studying during finals week. As time spent studying becomes more valuable my indifference curve will become much flatter than on an ordinary day, like the indifference curve U2 in figure 2. As mentioned above, there are obvious flaws to this production possibilities frontier. However, an economic model is a simplification of reality that represents â€Å"economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical quantitative relationships between them. I have never spent an entire day where I dedicated all my waking hours to either studying or practising golf. So despite point F on figure 2 not statistically being utility maximizing it is where I normally operate. Normal daily activities like eating, talking with friends and other general errands are not considered in this model. The shaded area in figure 2 represents time I spend doing activities that are unaccounted for by golf practise and studying. I plan to graduate in May 2013 with a Bachelors of Science degree in Economics.My degree is a sign to potential employers that I have been trained in the field of economics. According to the â€Å"Investment model of education† I will move from a male with â€Å"some college† experience to a male â€Å"college graduate. † The investment model of education suggests that college graduates are more likely to receive additional training in their early years of employment; resulting in higher wages. The potential for a higher wage could have a notable affect on my post-college labor-leisure model. The higher wage creates a steeper constraint, as seen below in Figure 3.Figure 3: Post-College Labor-Leisure Model If offered a wage high enough, the new constraint could become steep enough to where my indifference curve would have a point of tangency with my reservation wage, as seen above. As a result of the additional training I have received (a college education) my co nstraint has moved from the line AD to line AE. The severe increase in wage has increased my cost of consuming leisure considerably. My utility is now maximized by joining the labor force, as seen in the move from U1 to U2 on figure 3.The radical change to my labor-leisure model has not taken place without a huge substitution and income effect. The new wage greatly increased my costs of consuming leisure, so much so I substituted some hours of leisure for hours of work. This is known as the substitution effect, and can be seen graphically between points B and C. An income effect is also present. After graduation my parents will not continue to hand me money for nothing in return, so the unearned income at point F is no longer achievable.This decrease in income reduces my purchasing power of leisure and will increase my demand for labor hours. This income effect is shown graphically between points A and B. The total effect can be seen graphically between points A and C. The substitut ion and income effect usually move an individual’s preferences in opposite directions, but because I was choosing to work zero hours the presence of either effect could only increase my demand for work. In conclusion, I can portray how I make everyday decisions using the labor-leisure model and production possibilities frontier frameworks.As with most economic models, it drastically simplifies reality. The simplification however is necessary, due to the complex nature of economic variables; simplicity aids clarity. For an economic model to be successful two appropriate variables must be chosen. In my personal instance the relationship between practising golf and studying for classes are directly related. By simplifying and selecting applicable variables complex economic information can be expressed logically, as shown above. Works Cited EconoMonitor : EconoMonitor The Current Downturn: Labor-leisure Tradeoff or Technological Regress. † EconoMonitor : EconoMonitor A » The Current Downturn: Labor-leisure Tradeoff or Technological Regress. Web. 01 November 2012. . Heckman, James. JSTOR. Web. 05 November 2012. . Ehrenberg, Ronald G. , and Robert Stewart. Smith. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1987. Print. â€Å"Labor Supply. † Labor Supply. Web. 06 November 2012. . Nicholson, Walter. Intermediate Microeconomics: And Its Application. Houghton, Harcourt, 2000. Print.

Monopolistic Competition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monopolistic Competition - Research Paper Example This similarity is obtained due to product differentiation portrayed either physically, by perception, or by support services. Most importantly, customers view these goods as similar since they serve the same purpose. Monopolistic competition advocates free entry into market and free exit. This enables new firms to come up with close substitutes thus enhancing competition. In a free market, a firm faces no restrictions from the government rules, financial start-up, or other considerable barriers. Additionally, free entry and exit in the market maintains profit maximization of a firm for a longer span of time. Selling price is a unique characteristic in monopolistic competition (Baumol, 2011). A firm is ever independent in decision-making. Each firm decides on commodity price and output. The seller sets the price of a good depending on circumstances. These variations of price arise due to product differentiation and other additional expenditures. Nike and Asics portray an example of two firms in the sneaker industry, which exhibits monopolistic competition. In order to ensure maximum competition, in the large monopolistic market, Nike and Asics need to emphasize on product differentiation to attract customers. The factors that need consideration during differentiation include style, appearance, quality, performance, close substitute of the goods (Arora, 2007). Since both firms produce similar product, there is need for a difference in the products that will attract the buyers. Different buyers have different perceptions on the kind of shoe to wear or the kind of shoe they feel comfortable with while wearing. The style of shoe tells a lot about an individual. Therefore, it is important for the two firms to first strategize and research on the style of shoe that most people prefer. This will enable the firm produce the shoe and ultimately sell it without much competition. Moreover, it is

Performance Measurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance Measurement - Assignment Example Performance measurement is an incessant examining of an outcome with time, frequently for several years, to look for dissimilar signals of change that can be due to different campaigns, programs or initiatives (Chiesa & Frattini, 2009). Evaluation undoubtedly can employ quantitative measures to settle on if the change has occurred or not. But it usually brings qualitative information into the act. With performance measures, change signals in the time sequence of quantitative data are vital. Performance measurement is not a part of the assessment. It is a means that managers use, but not evaluators. Distinct from program evaluation, which calls for an excellent methodological collection and requires the knowledge of trained evalua ­tors, performance measurement is clear-cut. Program objectives along with resultant outcomes are recognized (Chiesa & Frattini, 2009). Another benefit is that measures track results, and data are collected that allow managers and other stakeholders to scrutinize program performance. Performance measures consequently necessary in order to know whether the program is performing where it ought to be. It is then easier to do a program evaluation to find out why it is not meeting the

Comparing Feminism and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparing Feminism and Marxism - Essay Example The Marxists disagree on few things and one of those things is the scale to which they see a worker's revolution as the way of achieving human liberation and illumination and also the methods by which such revolution can occur in real. Marxism is sometimes described as 'Socialism'. According to some Marxists, the real and full Marxists principles were never implemented in any country; however, socialist countries implemented some part of Marxism. According to Karl Marx, a particular class of a society exploits the other class and according to him, this attitude in the society is the result of capitalism and free market. Marx defined the profit as the difference between the value of the product made by the laborer and the actual salary or the wage, which the laborer receives. He lighted his point that in Capitalist economy, money is earned by paying fewer wage to laborers, but profit is not moderated in terms of risks vs. return. According to Marx, people are getting away from their nature and natural behavior, and he accused capitalism for this. In capitalist economy, all benefits are being transferred to the employers and employees get a very low share out of the profit. Like this, employer is actually taking the advantages, which are earned by the hardworking laborers1. According to Marx, alimentation is the situation in which a person lays in capitalism, and it is not necessary that he or she himself admit that they are alienated. 3. Base and superstructure: According to Marx, the 'base structure' explains their point that the entire relations among people with respect to 'the social production of their existence' makes the economic basis in the society. And on this economic basis, the political and legal institutions are formed finally. The other factors affecting this are the religion, philosophy and other ideas. There is always a conflict between the development of material productive forces and the relation of production. This conflict results in the change in economic basis and finally it will cause the transformation of the superstructure2. According to Marx, this relationship is not a one-way process, but both sides are involved in it. And their relationship is considered as dialectical and not a distinction. 4. Class-consciousness: this is used to refer the awareness of oneself and also of the social world around oneself where we live. The awareness about the social class helps in understanding the capacity and it should be known before the class starts a successful revolution. 5. Ideology: Marx used the term 'ideology' in a special meaning and that is to allocate the production of social reality. Engels describes ideology as, 'a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false of seeming motive forces.'3 This all happens due to the reason that the ruling class controls the resources and in this way they also controls the superstructure of society. In this way, the decisions made would be in favor of ruling class and we cannot expect that they will make any decision which will be in favor of lower class. Marx states in his The

New Independent School in the Middle East Essay

New Independent School in the Middle East - Essay Example As a part of the dominant culture’s changes upon the local inhabitants, the colonial authorities often enforced mandatory modern education for all children within a given age range. In the modern world, it is common for children to attend compulsory education centers beginning at approximately age 5 or 6 and continuing through the primary levels, meaning through age 11 or 12. This means that they are required to attend school when between these ages. Some countries also enforce school attendance through the lower secondary grades to age 15 or 16 although the school is available to students through age 17 or 18. The enforcement of an education was not as much of a change in the Middle East as might be thought by outside interests primarily because they had already established Koranic schools. However, instead of being a means of finding common ground, â€Å"this alternative system was in competition with the colonial one not only because of its religious reference but also bec ause of its opposition to Western cultural hegemony† (Akkari, 2004). Within the Muslim society, a school intended for religious enlightenment has a sharply different role than school intended for modern development of the culture. The primary role of the Koranic school is to educate children in their proper, traditional roles and to enforce upon them the beliefs of their parents and ancestors. â€Å"The Koranic school, with lessons in Arabic by a teacher of religion known as Malam, Fakih, is an essential part of the upbringing of a Muslim child† (Akkari, 2004).

Miranda Rights and Fifth and the Sixth Amendment Essay

Miranda Rights and Fifth and the Sixth Amendment - Essay Example In case of Miranda rights, a defendant or suspect gains the right to obtain services from an attorney while he experiences investigation and interrogation despite the fact that he is under the custody of the police. The main purpose of the right to counsel under Miranda rights is to restrict police officials from using coercive methods of interrogation while the suspect is under the custody of police officials. Another purpose of the right to counsel under Miranda rights is to protect an individual’s right to plead guilty under the regulations of the Fifth Amendment. Under Miranda rights, the suspect is allowed to obtain aid from an attorney before he is interrogated and even while the interrogation process is taking place. If the suspect asks the police officials for an attorney, it becomes obligatory for the police officials to put a stop to all activities categorized as integration. In case of Maine v. Moulton case, the judge stated that the suspect or defendant should not be restricted from obtaining services from an attorney before the trial proceedings take place or while the suspect is in police custody because this action can have a much damaging effect as compared to rejection of right to counsel during the proceedings of the case (Champion, 2005, p.369). The defendant even has a right to act as an attorney himself if he has the capability to perform duties of an attorney and can defend himself if the defendant does not have these capabilities, then the defendant has to obtain assistance from an attorney.

The Impact of Rising Food and Fuel Prices Essay

The Impact of Rising Food and Fuel Prices - Essay Example The rising trend in international food prices persisted and accelerated in 2008. U.S. wheat export prices skyrocketed from $375/ton in January to $440/ton in March. Thai rice export prices chalked up from $365/ton to $562/ton. The governments of the developed and developing countries adopted various mitigation measures. Specific policy interventions were applied in three broad categories: (i) interventions to assure household food security by establishing food safety nets; (ii) interventions to lessen domestic food prices by way of penalty or administrative action, and (iii) interventions to develop supplies and production of longer-term food supply. Given the three categories of policies there are preferred options that are more reliable and equitable. The best options to address food insecurity is the targeted cash transfers to vulnerable groups. Cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor without changing the chain of incentives that are available to produce more food and without reducing the incomes of poor food sellers. The depth, targeting efficiency and value of the transfer programs depends on the country's level of development. Another set of best options to decrease domestic prices cover the lowering of tariffs and other government taxes on key staples. Many countries impose tariffs on food imports so as to foster domestic production and produce reliable revenues. During a period of increasing prices, the consequent reductions in tariffs and taxes presents a measure of relief to existing consumers at a limited fiscal cost. The subsequent revenue loss arising from the reduction of the tariffs is very important and the fiscal result of implementing this with extra social protection expenditures can require cutbacks in less priority areas. Approximately twenty-four out of fifty-eight countries under study have recently reduced import duties and Value Added Taxes in the phenomenon of rising food prices. Others developing countries, such as the Philippines, implemented a regime of high tariffs to protect domestic food producers and manufacturers.Other countries utilize a policy of implementing a bread or grain subsidies specifically targeted to the poor to handle household food insecurity. In some cases, the introduction of consumer subsidies for staples after the recent rise in food prices. The Government of Yemen provided wheat in public markets at subsidized rates following a rise in food prices. In 2008, the Government of Pakistan implemented a ration card system to distribute subsidized wheat. These measures can be made permanent given the persistent food increase which results in high fiscal costs. Moreover, if the application of all the consumer subsidies are countered by specific measures to keep producer prices low, this can be counterproductive in the end. The one exception to this situation is when price controls are introduced as a temporary measure and are deemed important in terms of a higher social goal. In these exceptional cases, the risks of entrenchment will be minimized. For countries that are grain exporters, there exist political exigencies to ban or tax grain exports in high price years. Some of these countries have fullly applied these methods. These policies tend to have a limited impact on domestic price levels and a relatively negative effect on

Doubt over Tunisian 'Martyr' who Triggered Revolution Article

Doubt over Tunisian 'Martyr' who Triggered Revolution - Article Example This research tells that a revolution process has always been bloody and it has kept the tradition in the Middle East too, especially Libya, where government-backed crimes have been gruesome enough to cross borders and become an international security concern. â€Å"According to an independent survey, civilians - including children - have been murdered, tortured and sexually assaulted†. The weaker majority, in all the Middle Eastern countries, has come under the wrath of unjust dictators, who had still not had enough of power. Security forces are killing the unarmed people upon the higher orders. The situation is of concern for the whole world and the concern is personified in Arab league’s economic threats to Libya. Revolution is in the air of Middle East now and a majority of public and youngsters are determined to stand against the stronger minority of governments. It is shocking to know that even in the 21st century; there are places like Tunisia where people would commit suicide because they are desperate to be heard and to be taken notice of. The centuries-old suppression is showing itself in full bloom throughout the Middle East yet the authorities are showing no justice whatsoever. The purpose is right and justified and people of Middle Eastern countries like, Libya and Tunisia, have every right to raise their voices but it will not happen without undue interruptions like Security forces crimes against the public in Libya and Total denial of justice to Mohammad Bouazizi. Damascus receives an economic embargo as a result of its unlawful killings of public and denial of democracy in the country. â€Å"The foreign minister of the country declares it a war against Damascus†. Damascus is trying to demonstrate a false image by showing public rallies in favor of the government through national media but the world is aware of this old trick. Whereas it has been an open show of intolerance in Syria, we see that in Tunisia individuals have be come prey to the undignified wrath of Ben-Ali.

Far Horizon's case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Far Horizon's case study - Essay Example Lastly, it should be aware of the income level of its target market, so that it can appropriately price the goods and services that it will offer, to match the market's willingness to purchase. Far Horizon has to make a product strategy that is very sensitive to its customers unique needs, as well as one that is innovative and quality-driven. The customers for this type of service are very scrutinizing, in a way that each set of customers have very unique needs, which might not be the same which the next set of customers. Far Horizon must therefore avoid the scenario where it will commoditize its products, in a way that it provides the same type of service to its different customers. Instead, the company must allow for a certain level of customization, for each accommodation package that the customers will demand, and it must make its service cater to the needs of its customers (and not the other way around). Another factor that will affect its product strategy is the generic type of service that this industry provides. Far Horizon can capitalize on this, by making its services more unique, to rouse more interest from its present customer base and to uniquely distinguish itself from competitors and similar companies. Along with customization, unique new features and creative add-ons will make Far Horizon, as a brand, stand-out from the rest of the competition. For example, the company may be bold enough to try hosting themed team-building events for corporate customers, or they may also try to hold festivals and cultural shows (in cooperation with the state) to coincide with a related conference or convention. Lastly, Far Horizon has to focus on consistently delivering quality-driven service to all of its customers. The high-level of customization and innovation will bring in a good bulk of the customers, but quality-driven service will retain the good customers, and will make them spread the news about Far Horizon's services to other potential customers. The innovative and customized features that the company can offer will be meaningless if quality is not stressed. Therefore, for Far Horizon to be a market leader in this service industry, it also has to be the market leader in delivering quality service to all of its customers. Place Strategy The most obvious factor that would affect Far Horizon's place strategy is its proximity to highways, airports or other transportation hubs. More and more customers would want to avail of Far Horizon's services, if the place was immediately accessible from public highways and airports. Another factor that can affect the company's place strategy is the scenic view that surrounds the place. While the company should focus on delivering customized and innovative quality service, it can also factor in the scenic surroundings around the place, to further enhance the company's image. Lastly, the overall attractiveness of the city or state of location affects the image that the company will project to its customers. If the city or state is known to maintain a high level of crime and theft, for example, then customers will still not be attracted to avail of Far Horizon's services. On the other hand, if the city or state has a good reputation among business and socio-civic organizations, then more customers will

Sports Development Essay Example for Free

Sports Development Essay The main aim of sports development is to provide links/opportunities for young people to progress along the sports development continuum (player pathway). The continuum produces the following pyramid model: Foundation This level provides the base of the pyramid. During this stage there should be more participants learning/experiencing basic sporting skills. Examples of activities which contribute to this stage are: Primary PE lessons, Top Play activities (sports development), multi sports sessions (sports centres). The acquisition of good exercise/skill habits provides a basis for personal development and future participation in the sport of their choice. Participation This stage is when children begin to participate in specific activity on a regular basis for enjoyment purposes. Sports development contributes significantly to this stage with its community tops programme (after school coaching), school festivals, multi skills clubs and providing club/school links. Sports clubs become important at this stage as they make the link to the next stage of development. Performance During this stage young people begin to concentrate on sport specific skills and begin to develop talent in specific sports. Quality coaching is an essential part of player development at this level and the following schemes contribute to this: Organised by sports development-coaching weeks, Shropshire youth games. Other: Active sports, club activity. Excellence. The excellence stage provides the peak of the pyramid, and demonstrates the level where individuals reach sporting excellence. Obviously the pyramid narrows here as the number of players will reduce at this stage. Governing bodies of sport are responsible for development at this level as players pass from county to regional to national squads. Football Football starts with participation, Participation for exaple could be done at school in pe lessons, junior football clubs and just generally playing with family or friends. Then you have to move on to foundation. This could be like 7 aside or 11 aside games. You need to move out of the playground and into the football clubs. Foundation is a very basic understanding of the game. Then you would move onto performance. Performace is a higher level than foundation, it meens you are begining to work on specfic areas of your game and working towards sports excellence. This would meen you would play for a club and participate in games and train regulary. Excellence is what all sporting performars wish to achieve, it is the meens to have the ability to perform better than just a performace level witch sets u apart from the rest of your competetors. You no you have achieved sporting excellence when you get offerd a chance to play with your national or local clubs e. g. England u18s and leeds united u18s Participation Foundation Performance Excellence John aged 10 John aged 12 Decides he trains whith his Wants to take local under13 Part in fooball junior football So he starts club e. g. cliffton Playing with rangers. His freinds in The school yard.

British Airways Essay Example for Free

British Airways Essay In 1987, British Airways was privatised, and over the next decade turned from a loss-making nationalised company into The Worlds Favourite Airline a market-leading and very profitable plc. The strategy that transformed the company into a marketing-led and efficient operation was conceived and implemented by Lord King as Chairman, aided by Sir Colin (subsequently Lord) Marshall: two tough businessmen who confronted staff inefficiencies and so improved service effectiveness that BA was rated international business travellers favourite airline for several years in the 1990s. Lord King having retired, Lord Marshall became Chairman and was succeeded as Chief Executive by Bob Ayling, a long-time BA manager. Ayling set in train a strategy to turn BA into a global airline transcending the flag-carrier status (the role of a nations leading airline) it shared with Air France, Lufthansa, Swissair, Alitalia, Iberia into an airline with no national home operating throughout the world. The dropping of the overtly British heritage and associations was reflected in a changed brand strategy. Away went aeroplane liveries featuring the Union flag, to be replaced by tailfins bearing themed designs from around the world. This was to address the global traveller a savvy (mainly business) customer whose criteria for purchase were service levels, range of destinations, promptness not price. But the re-branding became a debacle. Customers, staff, alliance partners, shareholders and retailers (travel agents) all liked the British heritage and imagery and rebelled against the turn to an anonymous, characterless new style. Ayling also focused on cost-reduction programmes which antagonised and demotivated BAs staff and customers noticed the deterioration in behaviour of staff whose commitment to customer service suddenly plummeted. The upshot was that Ayling was ousted in a boardroom coup in March 2000. During his reign, a loss of 244m in the year to March 31 2000 the first since privatisation was recorded and the groups market value had fallen  by half. A New Face. In May 2000, Rod Eddington joined BA as Chief Executive. He was previously Managing Directory of Cathay Pacific and Executive Chairman of Ansett, an Australian airline. Eddingtons immediate actions were designed to restore profitability to BAs operations and to restore the Union Flag to BAs planes! He set about reducing the fleet, moving to smaller aircraft, cutting clearly unprofitable routes. He also targeted high-yield customers, the traditional mainstay segment for BA. Matching supply with demand was the overall concern, to restore positive cash flow. Strategically, BAs longtime search for a merger partner was resumed. A link with American Airlines, the first choice partner, was out of the question after US regulatory authorities squashed the idea. A proposed merger with KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, was discussed in some depth, but that foundered on doubts over the long-term financial benefits, and arguments over the relative shares each airline would have in the merged company. Low-Cost Airlines. Meanwhile, the airline industry was undergoing a seismic shift with the rise of low-cost no frills airlines. Ryanair and easyJet had, at first, demonstrated the existence of a new market for cheap airline travel which had not been tapped by traditional airlines. But then they began to expand and to compete for passengers that normally would have gone to BA even business class customers couldnt see the reason to pay  £100 for breakfast (the difference in price between BA and easyJet between London and Edinburgh.) BAs response (under Bob Ayling) was to form GO as a direct response to the no-frills competitor. Operating out of Stansted airport, GO was operated entirely separately from BA, so none of the high-cost culture was inherited. Launched in the face of vociferous opposition from easyJet, GO nevertheless established itself in the market though at what cost, no-one could guess. Rod Eddington soon decided that his focus on premium customers made GOs operations inconsistent with that of BA as a whole. GO was sold in May 2001 for  £100m to 3i, a UK venture capital and private equity group. GO was subsequently sold on to easy Jet for 375m. However, the driving of aggressive strategies from budget airlines is still forcing flag-carriers to re-assess their business models. The Outcome. For the year ended March 2001, Eddingtons steps had yielded a quadrupling of operating profits. Market share on key routes had been lost as cuts in fleet and routes bit, but BA believed it had lost customers who paid deeply-discounted fares. BA continued its vigorous pursuit of high-yield passengers. September 11th. So, all seemed to be going well. The brand was being restored, financial performance was improving and the only real problem was lack of progress on forming a partnership with a US carrier, prevented by the regulators. Then came September 11th, and the airline market fell apart. The consequences were swift passenger numbers fell 28%, US airports were closed for a week, Swissair, Sabena, US Airlines and nearly, Aer Lingus, went bust. Alitalia lost 570m, Lufthansa 400m. Altogether the industry lost 7bn and shed 120,000 jobs 13,000 at BA and passenger numbers are still running at 13% below normal on transatlantic routes. In contrast, passenger numbers and financial results at low-cost carriers easyJet and Ryanair were rising impressively. Then came Sars, the Iraq war and the continuing sluggishness of the world economy, all deeply damaging to passenger numbers. Strategy at BA was thrown into disarray. Current Strategy. With the travel market is still subject to global economic and political uncertainty, BA has repeated its forecasts for lower revenues. However, the fundamentals of this business are stronger than they have been for four or five years John Rishton, Finance Director, says BA is generating cash, and is conserving that cash. (FT and D.Tel. 6.11.02). The operational imperatives to cope with the turbulent environment are expressed in BAs Future Size and Shape initiative which is intended to: Achieve significant cost reductions. Originally targeted at 650m, the cost savings are now expected to save an annualised  £1.1bn over 3 years (FT 19.3.03). Simplified operations and minimal overheads is the aim. Cut capacity, to match supply of aircraft and flights to the reduced demand. Cut staffing levels. A further 3,000 job cuts planned for March 2004 have been brought forward to September 2003. Change BAs business model. Aware that no-frills competition is not going to go away, but that BA possesses a positive service heritage, BA wants to create an offering that combines the best bits of BA and the no-frills model. Martin George, BAs director of marketing and commercial development, explains our customers like the BA product convenient airports, high frequency, good level of service but want it at the right price, and thats what well give them. Its about changing our business model to allow us to compete profitably (Management Today, September 2000). Rationalise BAs internal UK and short-haul business CitiExpress has been formed from the activities of subsidiaries Brymon, BRAL, Manx and BA Regional. To stem heavy losses on this short-haul network, some rationalisation has been done it has pulled out of Cardiff and Leeds-Bradford airports, and will cut its current fleet from 82 to 50 all-jet planes by end-2005. However, it is expanding operations from Manchester, and from London City airport to Paris and Frankfurt. (FT 18.12.02). It is recognised that BA started to take the bitter medicine of cost cuts and restructuring earlier and in bigger doses than rivals in Europe and North America, and that Rod Eddington has pushed through changes that were long overdue. But is this enough? can BA wrest back the short haul market from easyJet and Ryanair, while maintaining its position in the longhaul market Strike! In July 2003, just at the start of the busy holiday season, BA was hit by an unofficial strike by Heathrow check-in and sales staff who were objecting to a hasty introduction of a swipe-card automatic clocking system. 500 flights were cancelled, affecting 100,000 passengers. The damage to BAs service reputation was enormous. Both management and union leaders were taken by surprise, and it brought to a head the existence of restrictive practices going back 40 or 50 years which both sides have to confront. Performance. Results for the year ending 31st March 2003 showed a pretax profit of 135 on turnover down 7.8% to  £7.69bn, up from a loss of 335 in the year to March 2002. The results included a charge of 84m for the planned ending of Concorde flights in October, and a fourth-quarter loss (January to March) of 200m. These positive results were entirely down to cost reduction. No  dividend was paid a consequence of the need to conserve cash. Operating margin at 3.8% is way below Eddingtons target of 10%. (D.Tel, 20.5.03, FT, 21.5.03). In the first quarter of the 2003-04 year, a pretax loss of  £45m was incurred the effect of the Heathrow strike was put at 30-40m. The business environment. However, Rod Eddington sees the furure business environment as very hard to read, but expects it to get tougher. 2003-04 was meant, according to analysts, to be BAs year of recovery, but it is not now expected to happen. (DTel, 11.2.03) A critical development is the start of talks between the EU and the USA to dismantle the web of regulations that have controlled the development of international aviation since the mid-1940s. Eddington, as chairman of the Association of European Airlines, insists that truly global airlines are impossible in the current regulatory environment. If it were left to the market, international airlines would undoubtedly follow in the footsteps of other industries and would seek the benefits of scale and scope that are currently denied them. A truly global airline..would be free to operate wherever its customers demanded, free to grow organically or through acquisition and free to charge whatever the market would bear. These talks are likely to be very long. However, it potentially offers the opportunity for an opening of the two biggest airline markets and lead to substantial consolidation of participants. (FT, 29.9.03). The takeover of KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, by Air France, may be the precursor to the consolidation expected. BA sees no threat from what is now Europes largest airline. D.Tel, 1.01.03).

Zone fitness market research

Zone fitness market research According to Kotler, P. (1988) marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups can obtain what they need and what they want. This can be achieved by creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others. The figure below illustrates the core concepts of marketing like needs, wants and demands, Product, value, cost, satisfaction and other concepts. Needs, wants demands Product Value, cost satisfaction Exchange transactions relationships Markets Marketing marketers Fig: 1.0. Core Concepts of Marketing Zone fitness is the new health and fitness company based in Huddersfield. Due to the continued growth of the health and fitness market in the UK, the company was formed. The company offers a range of health and fitness services on a membership only basis. Zone fitness operates 1 mile away from town centre in a place which was previously furniture warehouse. Few of the companys facilities are, rowing machines, exercise bikes, weights etc. One of the important parts of the services to the members is that there is an initial joining fee and the range changes according to the period of membership taken out for. The company was formed by three friends with now previous managerial or marketing experience or knowledge. The company is three years old and now has employs a total of 15 staff. The company is looking to grow in future both in terms of members and also in terms of health and fitness facilities offered but feel it now need to become more effective at marketing in order to face the competition. As a marketing consultant a report has been produced, to increase and improve the companys marketing activities. The overall review of the report covers areas such as, industry analysis, market segmentation, targeting, position, pricing strategy, etc. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS According to Brassington and Pettitt (2006), the industry analysis aim is to determine and understand the evolving opportunities and threats of the markets as they relate to the strengths and weakness of the health and fitness firm. The analysis covers areas such as size, growth, profits, cost structure, competitors, etc. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Economic environment is the general changes the economic conditions and the changes in pattern of the income distribution of the customers as well as the operation of the economic system are responsible for a variety of economic phenomena. These involve factors such as fluctuations, trade, economic growth rate, inflation and recession. (Peter, 2008) Socio-cultural environment is the attitudes towards the physical fitness and general wellness and individual ways of life of the customers and standards formed by the cultures and changing social values. (Johnson, et al., 2008) Political environment is the government with its political involvement and the legislation as the main components which can change the political as well as influence of the key issues in the companies such as policies, regulations etc. (Peter, 2008) Technological environment is responsible for the innovation and changes of the equipments such as tread mills, bikes, weights machines and also supplements. The development and new equipments can have an effect on the future of the Zone Fitness. The technology can change the emergence of the many substitute products. (Armstrong, et al., 2009) MICRO ENVIRONMENT SUPPLIER: Suppliers form an important link to the companys overall value delivery system. It provides the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. The Zone Fitness management must watch supply availability such as supply shortages, delays and other events which can cost sales in the short term and damage customer satisfaction. (Gilligan, et al., 2009) CUSTOMER: The Company needs to study the types of customer markets. Consumer markets consist of individuals or households that need services and health care activities for personal consumption. Business markets where the company can sell the services to the employees and for further processing. Reseller markets where the company can buy the facilities for certain profits. (Gilligan, et al., 2009) COMPETITOR: The marketing concept states that to be successful a company must provide greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors. The Zone Fitness Management must do more than simply adapting to the needs of the customers. They must gain strategic advantage by positing their offerings strongly against competitors offerings. (Armstrong, et al., 2009) MARKET SUMMARY The UK health fitness clubs can be divided into two sectors: health clubs which are privately owned and leisure centres which are owned by the local authorities. Leisure centres which are defined as public facilities are changing to cope up with shifting consumer priorities and financial measures. UK has over 5,750 indoor facilities for keeping fit. The health club is still fairly fragmented, but there are now 10 large chains including David Lloyd leisure, Fitness First, Virgin Active and LA Fitness. (The Leisure Database, 2007) MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS Population of UK: 62,348,447 as of July 2010. Age Structure: 0-14 years: 16.7% (male 5,233,756/female 4,986,131) 15-64 years: 67.1% (male 20,774,192/female 20,246,519) 65 and over: 16.2% (male 4,259,654/female 5,612,953) Median Age: Total: 39.8 years Male: 38.6 years Female: 40.9 years (Mouseprice, 2010) MARKET SIZE GROWTH The UK health fitness industry has a revenue estimated almost  £3.6 billion and 11.9% of the UK population are registered as members in the health and fitness or publicly-owned fitness facilities. The membership has been growing up by 3% since 2006 and now there are over 230 new public and private facilities that have been added to the health and fitness industry portfolio. Almost 90% of the UK population lives within 2 miles of a private health or publicly-owned fitness facilities. UK market for health and fitness club has increased by a moderate of 1% in nominal terms, by 2010. (Research and Markets, 2010) On contrary to this, annual growth rates have been declined from 7% in 2006 to just 1% by 2010. Both of which, exerted a downward pressure on disposable income and consumer confidence, reducing demand for health and fitness centres as the money is spent on necessities rather than luxuries. Moreover, annual growth is also believed to have slowed due to increased saturation and competition in the market, which has led to a reduction in membership fees in the private sector. (The Leisure Database, 2007) The membership penetration is 33% higher in London than the UK average and also obesity risk rates are 65% lower in London. The Southwest region is another area in UK to have lower risk in obesity by 34%, but the membership penetration level is higher by 3% the UK average. The regions of North East and South West have largest membership growth in private club memberships whilst the East Midlands topped the impressive growth rates in the public sector. (Corporate Fitness, 2010) 3.0. PORTERS FIVE FORCES A Porters five forces analyses explore five different principal factors, which determine the attractiveness of a health fitness market. Bargaining power of buyers Zone Fitness Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of suppliers Competitive rivalry within an industry Threat of substitute products Fig.2.0. Porters five forces for Zone Fitness Threat of new entrants: The barriers to the new entrants are very high. The main development of private gymnasium and leisure centres on the country which take years and capital required have put smaller companies out of the picture. Some of the health clubs are combined and franchised, but all existing major big companies have sufficient back up support to make themselves unattractive for acquisitions. The domination of some of the big health and fitness companies insure that they can manage a threshold level of profitability. (Euromonitor International, 2010) Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers have low bargaining poor over health and fitness centres due to strong brand power and distribution capabilities of the companies and due to fragmented supplying industry. The need for facilities and equipments is to explore and re-conceive their business models, like by playing on the customers experience issue and to try to arrive at a more profitable but risky mode. These kinds of initiatives might also help moderate the stance of health and fitness companies. (Market and Business Development, 2010) Bargaining power of buyers: Buyers have a strong bargaining power over health and fitness companies because of the range of choices the buyers have. All major companies sell same facilities and at nearly same price so buyer can switch to another company without any doubt. Nearly 94% of customers today have choice of three or more health and fitness companies which can be available to them within 5 minutes of range and many other leisure centres as well. Numerous companies are competing for their business with facilities of varying size and formats. Power of buyers is high and companies that raise prices are likely to lose customers. (Research and Markets, 2010) Threat of substitute products: Health and fitness centres in the available sector are an available alternative for customers, but there has been some convergence between these two sectors as the companies extend their formats. (Euromonitor International, 2010) Competitive rivalry within an industry: The rivalry is intense even though the market is concentrated, especially among the top companies. At a micro level the industry rivalry is centred and a limitation strategy that the major companies resort to if one initiative is successful. The rivalry among major companies is intense and this has led to a price war between companies. This is because the companies sustain the declining profitability without exiting the market and there is no incentive for major companies to rush into extreme and profit eroding price war. (Aaker and McLaughlin 2010) 3.1. COMPETITION Zone Fitness has a highly competitive market in Huddersfield, but the following four will be direct competitors due to their establishment in and around Huddersfield. Bodyzone Fitness Centre Unit 11f/Nortonthorpe Mills/Nortonthorpe Industrial Estate Wakefield R Scissett Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD8 9LA Website: www.bodyzonefitnesscentre.co.uk Services offered: gymnasium, beauty centre, health club, aerobics, swimming, and sauna and cardio theatre. (The Fitmap, 2008) Fitness First Lockwood Park Brewery Drive Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD4 6EN 01484 429000 Website: http://www.fitnessfirst.com Services offered: gym, cardio theatre, spinning room, x-press workout, crà ¨che, squash, studio, lounge, juice bar, personal trainers, sauna, and steam room, aroma and sun bed. (The Fitmap, 2008) University of Huddersfield Gym Sports Hall Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH 01484 472093 Website: http://www.hud.ac.uk/uni/about/campus_facilities/06_sports_hall/1_html/the_gym Services offered: cardiovascular training, step n tones, boxercise, groove n move, hula hoops, kettlebell, boot camp, pilates, abdominal blast, sports team camp, yoga, kung fu, spinning, tae kwon do and swimming. (Bizplan Cover, 2009) MARKET SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING Market segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing the total market into segments or target market of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a marketing mix. Zone Fitness company needs to know the needs and wants of their customers to better enable them to provide facilities and services that will satisfy the customer needs and wants. This may be problematic as there are numerous health and fitness facilities in the consumer market which the company can satisfy. Therefore, Zone Fitness must divide its market into various needs and wants. This is the process of the segmentation. (Cant, et al., 2009) The company must next decide which market segments needs it can best satisfy. The company should develop its marketing offers such as facilities and membership discounts and the process of deciding which segment to pursue is referred to as targeting market. Therefore, targeting deals with the process whereby a marketing mix is tailored to fit some specific customers. (Aaker and McLaughlin 2010) Positioning refers to the creation of a specific image or perception of the facilities and services by consumers in a selected target market. It is therefore the way in which consumers view competitive brands or types of products. For new products it means how the company wants to compare the new item in terms of its predecessors. The company will need attempt to establish a favourable position for its product by means of marketing communication such as advertising, however as it is believed that the product positioning is limited to advertising is no longer appropriate. (Ouwersloot and Duncan 2008) 4. SWOT ANALYSIS Many companies evaluate opportunities utilizing an analysis framework referred to as SWOT. It is an acronym for strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that can be investigated and can be used in early stages like market planning and decision making for zone fitness. On one hand it operates the matching of vital strengths with major environment opportunities and on the other hand it provides for improvising weaknesses and possibilities of risk in the zone fitness marketing. (Cant, et al., 2009) STRENGHTS: Zone Fitness is more committed towards a result orientated approach to maintain its customers in a highly competitive market. Facilities and health programmes are well taught according to the need of Zone Fitness. Reduction in fees and discount in membership service in entire market of UK. Also Zone Fitness has well trained and qualified staff. Personal services, individual programmes and advice are seen as being a key part of competitive success. (About Health Clubs, 2009) WEAKNESS: Personal training and individual programmes can be expensive. There are no swimming facilities which can be a problem in providing services to a large pool of members. Marketing budget is very short to attract business clients. (NetMBA, 2009) OOPURTUNITIES: Health and fitness clubs are rapidly growing in UK. Increasing health conditions and diseases such a obesity are causing people to join and pay more importance to exercise and health care activities. Health clubs and gym have become a routine of life in the peoples daily schedule. A low income area can be of special focus for zone fitness which is mostly ignored by rival competitors. (NetMBA, 2009) THREATS: One of the main threats could be because of recession and economic downturn, which can slowdown the growth of health and fitness industry. Low cost equipments are also available in the markets for home exercise. Although market is rapidly growing a small level threat can be of low cost offers from well established competitors. (About Health Clubs, 2009) MARKETING MIX Zone Fitness companys marketing mix is based on the factors of product, cost, distribution and advertising. PRODUCT: Health and fitness services: Rowing machines Exercise bikes Weights Aerobics Yoga Steam room Sauna, tanning rooms Massage services and Jacuzzis PRICE: Zone Fitness will be facing a challenge with highly competitive markets such as David Lloyd, Fitness First, etc. Therefore company is offering services at cost less than existing market standards with reduced fees for the under 18s and over 55s and discounts for the family memberships, etc. A new member for yearly membership would pay an initial joining fee of  £100 and a yearly membership of  £500. This would give members an unlimited access of the services and facilities of the company. PLACE: Zone Fitness company is located within the 1 mile radius of the town centre of Huddersfield. The company has a direct supply of their facilities and will not be involving in any kind of franchise or network. PROMOTION: Zone Fitness can use newspapers, magazines, internet, television and radio as the medium of advertising. In addition they could also print brochures for creating awareness in the market about their health and fitness services. (Cant, et al., 2009) INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS (IMC) STRATEGY Integrated Marketing Communications is a cross-functional process of creating and nourishing profitable relationships with customers and other stake holders strategically controlling or influencing all messages sent to these groups and encouraging them. The marketing mix of an organisation for tangible products compress of four elements, these are; marketing communications, price, promotions and distribution. The marketing communication element influences the other three elements; therefore it is important for Zone Fitness to be aware of their relationship between these four elements, while designing and planning the marketing strategy. (Ouwersloot and Duncan 2008) The responsibility of Zone Fitness management is to compile a programme that establishes a framework for the development, implementation, coordination and control of companys marketing communications. The aim of such a programme is to develop an effectiveness IMC programme that targets the customers in an attempt to influence their attitudes and behaviour. STRATEGIES OBJECTIVES Setting the IMC objectives and compiling it with the budget are crucial activities in the marketing communications department. IMC objectives and the budget constitute two basic guidelines and constraint in the formulation of an IMC strategy and for the various elements. The period within which the IMC objectives and strategies must be achieved covers the same period which all activities of the various marketing communication elements are implemented. (Hutt and Speh 2009) IMC objectives and strategies the Zone Fitness can follow are: The objectives must be formulated and once they have been, a provisional marketing communication budget must be prepared on the basis of the formulated goal. Marketing communications development and different strategies for each element are usually the most comprehensive of all phases. Each marketing communications element plays a unique role in achieving the integrated marketing communications objectives. The IMC decisions must be co-ordinated to prevent element being singled out. The decision taken must be synchronised by the company so that the ultimate objective can be reached without any form of duplication and resultant additional cost. After that there should be the development of an action plan for each IMC strategy. This is the operational programme, which is very detailed and contains activities, responsibilities and time frames. The penultimate is the measurement of the IMC effectiveness. It is important to ascertain whether the IMC programme has achieved its objective. The continual feedback on the effectiveness of the IMC strategy and programme so that deviations from the formulated objectives can be evaluated with a view to taking corrective measures. In the overall summary the IMC objectives and strategies must be derives from the marketing strategies and elements such as advertising, personal selling, promotions, publicity, public relations and e-communications must be derived from the marketing communications strategies for Zone Fitness company. (Ouwersloot and Duncan 2008)

Ultrafiltration Process :: ultrafiltration nanofibrous membranes

What exactly do we mean by Ultrafiltration, and for what processes can it be used? Ultrafiltration is a process by which one uses a pressure-driven process utilizing a specific-sized membrane to separate macromolecular weights of a solution, allowing the transfer of the low molecular weight (permeate). Ultrafiltration is exclusively defined by the pore size range (0.1 – 0.001 microns) (Dhawan). Ultrafiltration is used in a wide array of applications, such as food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, drinking water, wastewater and etc. This research review will focus on industrial applications, and transport processes that make ultrafiltration unique, as well as the industry standard for separation. The rapid development of ultrafiltration for industrial processes is possible by the advent of anisotropic, high-flux membranes capable of distinguishing among molecular sizes of 10 A to 10  µ size ranges (Porter, 1972). The high molecular solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where the feed of the material you want to separate enters, and where the permeate (ultrafiltrate), and retentate exits. In different industrial processes one may want to retain the permeate, retentate, or combination of both. Mass Balance, Momentum Balance and Flux Figure 1: Flows and fluxes in a hollow fiber for ultrafiltration (Yeh, 2009) Let us take a closer look at what drives ultrafiltration from a mathematical point of view. In Figure 1, the feed solution is being driven by a volumetric flow rate (qi/Ni), pressure (∆Pi), and concentration (Ci). This feed solution produces a mass balance which results in the flux (J) vs fiber (dz): (Yeh, 2009) The momentum balance must be accounted for also: (Yeh, 2009) It can be presumed that the volumetric flow rate will be reduced similarly to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, due to the laminar flow within the tube in Yeh, H. experiment in 2009, he takes into account convection as well as mass, and momentum balance: (Yeh, 2009) Equation 3 assumes that the volumetric flow rate is relatively large compared to that of the permeation rate. This occurs mainly in an exponential model along the membrane tube. This model simply states that when working with a pressure-drive ultrafiltration process, as pressure is increased, a ceiling (limiting) flux will occur regardless of increasing the pressure. We know that the relationship between membrane pressure (∆Ï ) and the permeate flux leads us to the following conclusion (Yeh, 2009).

We Must Stop Legislation to Ban Cell Phone Use While Driving :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cell phones began with only a select few could afford a cell phone. Today with most Americans owning cell phones we must look at the benefits and downfalls of cellular technology. The issue of driving while dialing brings up the most controversy. The legislation in place to govern the use of cellular phones in certain cities is justified, but the benefits far outweigh the disadvantages. The cell phone has been around since the fifties when they first had the idea from using CB radio frequencies. AT&T was the first to bring about the technology back in the late forties and early fifties. The FCC regulated all radio frequencies broadcast and limited AT&T to twenty-three phone calls simultaneously in the same service area. In the seventies the FCC later allowed more use of the radio waves. In the late seventies the first trials were made in Chicago with 2000 initial customers (Bellis 1). In the 1987 cellular customers hit one million. Today one half of the people living in the United States own a cell phone. It is true that drivers can be clearly distracted from the road from cellular phones. Drivers will have them in a purse in the backseat or in an inaccessible pocket that they will be startled to get to when someone calls. Drivers will struggle to get to the phone in a timely manner and that becomes their priority instead of the road in front of them. Drivers may swerve or cut off another driver in while trying to answer a cell phone or trying dialing a ten digit telephone number. An Ohio insurance company took a poll of eight hundred drivers. The results of the poll are as follows: 43% said they had accelerated on at least one occasion while using their mobile phone; 23% said they had tailgated; 18% said they had cut someone off; 10% ran a red light; and 41% said they had accelerated to get away from someone else in another vehicle on a mobile phone (Ropeik 16). It is obvious that cell phones are a distraction but are the distractions caused by cell phones outweighed by the security and added convenience of a cell phone? There are hundreds of benefits from cellular phones. The convenience more than anything is what appeals to most users. Cell phones can be used for work or for personal use. Businessmen and women will use them to call clients and parents will use them to check on the babysitter.

The Psychology of Racism :: essays research papers

The Psychology of Racism Segregation has and still affects perceptions of Blackness inside and outside the Black community by making Black people see themselves as White people see them. Many of Black people have accepted the fallacy that they were inferior to White people at a young age, and Whites learned that Blacks were lower then Whites at a young age as well. Perceptions of Blackness within the Black community have been witnessed and lived by W.E.B. Dubois and many other Black writers and movie directors such as Spike Lee. W.E.B. Dubois wrote many pieces of literature that have been noticed. Spike Lee Directed many movies but only a handful showed perceptions of Blackness within the Black community. In the film Bamboozled by Spike Lee, he creates a show within the movie. The show is basically Black actors who paint themselves Blacker and their lips redder than they really are. This is to show the current audience how Whites saw Blacks during the Jim Crow era. W.E.B. Dubois states in all of his pieces that the White man see all Black people the same way. W.E.B. Dubois and Spike Lee are two Black men that have accepted the facts of White America but overcame the prejudice remarks. Dubois and Lee both in writing and film showed perceptions of the Blackness within the Black community by showing segregation, and racism. ?The Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world, --a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world.? W.E.B. Dubois explains that the Black man is born with the gift of second sight meaning they can see themselves in the manor that White folks do. Dubois also states that Black people have no self identity, which means to me that they didn?t think they had as much power as the White people. Perceptions of Blackness outside the Black community include speeches from Government officials and documentaries. In the documentary ?A Class Divided? we see that young White children are raised with a racist mentality. In the Government, George Wallace, Governor of Alabama (1962-1966, 1970-1974) we see the support of segregation. George Wallace states ?and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.? This quote shows the perceptions of Blackness outside the Black community. In the documentary A Class Divided a teacher conducts a study on racism on her elementary class.

Human Rights Essay

In the bible it says being a homosexual or transgender is a sin and therefore isn’t permitted into heaven. People make signs saying â€Å"GOD HATES FAGS†, â€Å"FAGS ARE WORTHY OF DEATH†, yet it also says in the bible god loves everyone, sinner or not. Our society has created this propaganda that homosexuals and transsexuals are horrible people and should be eliminated. This is biased. Now here’s a question. Have we ever stop and thought about how they feel about all this hatred and isolation towards them? They didn’t wake up one day and decided to be gay or dress like the opposite sex they are.In the year of 1998 a major hate crime case set in, the Matthew Shepard trial. Matthew Wayne Shepard, An openly gay American student at the University of Wyoming, was tortured and killed near Laramie, Wyoming on October 1998, only 21 years old. He was attacked on the night of October 6-7 and died five days later, October 12th. Matthew lived a life outside of the sexual norm of our society. As a result of this he was brutally murdered. This case commenced major public reaction all around the world and opened thousands of eyes.This case angered the homosexual societies. Most importantly battered Matthew’s family and changed their lives forever. Matthews’s journey began on December 1st, 1976. He was born to Judy and Dennis Shepard in Casper, Wyoming. Matthew’s father described him as an optimistic and excepting young man. Matthew could relate to almost everyone. He was very approachable, or easy to talk to, always was up for a new challenge, made friends easily, and he had a great passion for equality and always defended people’s differences.Throughout his life, he was always moving schools and traveling. With that being said his experiences fueled his love for traveling and gave him the chance to socialize where ever he went. Matthew had friends all around the world who loved and cared for him. He was a good ki d, didn’t bother anyone, was always friendly, and willing to give a helping hand. That all changed unfortunately while Matthew was on a high school trip in Morocco, he was raped. This caused him to have depression and panic attacks.When he came back from the trip his mother Judy Shepard took him back to Casper, Wyoming. Once back home he was required to take pills for his panic attacks. Matthew then went back to college, but didn’t stay in Casper for long. While in college he met Romaine Patterson and became really good friends with her. They both decide they would transfer to a different college in Laramie. Matthew struggled once he went to Laramie. He lived in the most dangerous part of town, where people didn’t accepted â€Å"gays† and his depression took over. Matthew started to do drugs.It took him a while to dig his way out of this hole he made himself but with the help of Romaine and his parents he made it. Went back to school again and became a fi rst year political science major at the University of Wyoming, in Laramie. One night on October 6 of 1998 he decided he would go to Laramie and get a drink, on his lonesome. He arrived at the fireside lounge. Sitting at the bar alone, just him and his beer, but he had a sudden urge to look over at the pool tables and notices two guys looking at him, quickly he looks away minding his own business.Again he makes eye contact with the two guys, Then goes walking off to the bathroom, as he’s walking away both guys mumble something to each other and follow Matthew. He’s washing his hands when both guys walk in. there’s no paper towels to dry his hands in and that’s when Russell Henderson give Matthew some paper towels and says that they are both gay as well. A sigh of relief for Matthew, They continue to speak and Matthew within a few sentences began to trust them, and eventually asked for a ride home.At the bar Aaron and Russell planned to only rob Shepard, bu t during the trial Aaron Mckinney said as they we’re driving Shepard home Shepard was rubbing his leg and grabbing his genital areas, thus Matthews actions, that is what supposedly caused Aaron to break out and beat Matthew. Mr. Mckinney says that he hit Matthew about 6 times on the head while they we’re driving not to his house but to a remote area. Then once arrived to this place Russell then tied Matthew to a fence, that is when Mr. Mckinney pistol whipped, punched, and kicked Matthew one to many times to the back of his head.Once the job was done, both men left the scene. Eighteen hours later Matthew still alive was found by Aaron Kreifels who mistook Matthew for a scarecrow. Matthew’s face was covered in blood; the only clear spots on his face were the tear drops going down his face. Matt hadn't actually been tied like a scarecrow: when he was approached first by the mountain biker, Aaron Kreifels, and then by Reggie Fluty, the sheriff's deputy who answered Kreifels's emergency call, Matt lay on his back, head propped against the fence, legs outstretched. His hands were lashed behind him and tied barely four inches off the ground to a fencepost.He was then taking to Ivinson Memorial Hospital in Laramie, then to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins. Shepard suffered a fracture from the back of his head to the front of his right ear. He had severe brain stem damage, which affected his body's ability to regulate heart rate, body temperature and other vital signs. There were also about a dozen small lacerations around his head, face and neck. His injuries were deemed too severe for doctors to operate. Shepard never regained consciousness and remained on full life support.Matt died at 12:53 A. M.  on October 12, 1998, at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins. Matthew was brutally murdered, and was given no second chance. No one heard his screams, his cries; no one was there to comfort him, he didn’t get to see his family or say good bye to loved ones, no one knew where he went or where he was going, he was gone and no one knew. Just like in Night by Elie Wiesel, no one heard his cries just like Matthew, although he had his father with him, he still felt alone; slowly his soul was beginning to die, just like Matthew slowly died those last five days in the hospital.No one deserves to die by being tortured, and treated as if they were nothing. The life and death of Matthew Shepard changed the way we talk about, and deal with, hate in America. Since his death, Matt’s legacy has challenged and inspired millions of individuals to erase hate in all its forms. Although Matt’s life was short, his story continues to have a great impact on young and old alike. His legacy lives on in thousands of people who actively fight to replace hate with understanding, compassion, and acceptance.

A Fledgling’s Masterpeice Essay

Citizen Kane is widely hailed as the colossal American train and with good reason. From its convoluted narrative structure to pioneering photography to its implausibly rich use of sound, surface 1941 persona re mains one of the most ripe characterisations ever to drive away of a Hollywood studio. Even Today Citizen Kane stands start as one of the great asks of twain prison term.Unfolding almost broad(a)ly in flashback, swells masterpiece presents unhomogeneous perspectives on the oversized life of the lately deceased Charles Foster Kane. Through the reminiscences of friends, family, and coworkers, the guide moves from Kanes childhood to his rambunctious adolescence, from the high gear of his success to the depths of his isolation. All the while in that location is a search for clues to Kanes murky last word Rosebud. The puzzling pronounce drives the tale, however ultimately it is only a means of exploring the films factual theme the impossibility of truly ap prehension whatsoever humankind being.In the film Kane (Orson Welles, who in addition directed and co-wrote the screenplay) is separated from his parents as a child and made heritor to an enormous fortune. Coming of age, he decides to secede a newspaper, sensationalizing the news and considering himself to be the utter of the people. With ambitions beyond publishing, he runs for sweet York Governor, and after promotes the singing career of his second wife Susan. He also builds Xanadu, an extravagant rook that is neer finished. These various ambitions fail, and Kane dies a stiff but spiritu solely in ally broken man.When William Randolph Hearst (multimillionaire and media tycoon) got digress of what 25-year-old Orson Welles was creating at RKOs film studio, he feared his life was the inspiration for the main character. In response Hearst and his newspapers employed all their influence to try and stop Citizen Kanes 1941 release. lav OHara of Newsweek addresses serious t his parameter in his review of Citizen Kane. He begins by stating that Citizen Kane is the finest film thathe has ever go throughn and that Orson Welles is the greatest actor ever. This is a frank statement to make at the time because it was printed before the film was released and before any kind of public consensus could be made. OHaras observation would turn prohibited to be somewhat true. His reasons for promoting Citizen Kane are no more than than pure enthusiasm and have got for a film that impressed him greatly. He states that his intension is to make you want to see the picture that he believes to be as good a picture as was ever made. (OHara 60)OHara seems to be more of an excited fan than a film critic. His unbridled enthusiasm is evident in every sentence of his review. He appears to be an admirer of Orson Welles just as much as the movie itself. He states that Citizen Kane needs nothing. Later in the article, as if to be reassuring, he says that aside from what it does lack Citizen Kane has Orson Welles. He compares Welles to artists alike(p) F. Scott Fitzgerald who had gone unrecognized until after his death. He ends his article with the statement that there has never been a better actor than Orson Welles and then repeats that very statement. (OHara 60)The controversy environ Citizen Kane and W. R. Hearst is also addressed by Bosely Crowther of the New York Times. He says that suppression of this film would be a crime. But inappropriate OHara, Crowther seems a little more critical of the film. He says that Welles copiousness of imagery is so great that it sometimes gets in the way of his logic. He also claims that the film fails to provide a recognize picture of the character and motive cornerstone the man whom the whole film revolves.(Crowther 5) deflexion from the few critical points, Crowther was very gratis(p) towards Citizen Kane. He comments on the excellent perpetration of Mr. Welles and the sure and penetrating performance s of the entire cast.Crother feels that Citizen Kane is one of the most realistic takes on the cinema to date. He describes it as cynical, ironic, oppressive, and realistic. Citizen Kane has more vitality than fifteen other films we could severalise. (Crowther5)The New Yorkers John marshland also is very complimentary of Citizen Kane, butfor much more technical reasons. He addresses the many aspects of the film that raiment it away from all others.Since movies hitherto have commenced with a cast list and a vast directory of credits, we are promptly jolted out of our seats when Citizen Kane ignores this convention and slides at once into the film. He believes that this formal difference is basal enough to establish Welles independency from convention. This independence, like fresh air, sweeps on and on through the movie.(Marsh 79)Marsh also comments on Welles method of storytelling with the use of repeat and flashing scenes. With a few breakfast scenes, the progress of a marria ge is shown as specifically as if we had read the wifes diary. To Marsh something new has come to the movie world at last. He believes that the films triumphant note is that although Kane is presented as a villainous miser, the human touch is not lost. Sympathy for the ill-considered Mr. Kane survives.All three of these writers share a similar opinion about Citizen Kane. one after another they individually appreciate different aspects of the film. John OHara is intoxicated with the performance of Orson Welles, both in front and behind the camera. Bosely Crowther discusses the truthfulness of the film itself. John Marsh believes that its unconventional approach is what entrust set Citizen Kane apart from other movies in the future. Although each writer praises different aspects of the movie they all agree that Citizen Kane is a film that will drastically alter the film qualification processfrom now on.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss.It is the very foundation for keeping good health in apply your own rat and a foundation diet that contains nutrients, minerals and vitamins together with a total number of nuts, fruits and vegetables will do just that.Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. high Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day.The number is closely connected keyword with blood sugar control.

The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day potential energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize own blood glucose, and also results in much lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. slight Excess weight and obesity are significantly more more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a first day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of kinetic energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day.Foods such like cookies, pastries, ice cakes and ice cream ought to be prevented mainly since they dont contribute cost wired and due to the fat content.The same exercise select done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more own sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the solvent evaporation of sweat is less e fficient with high humidity.It is not uncommon good for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water.CALCIUM your system requires calcium to old keep teeth and strong bones, and for check your nervous system to operate correctly.

My conclusion to how this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids what are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy logical and fluids which your body needs.The body requires water to live.Your diet has to be optimal in chorus both volume and quality of food, to how have the ability to replenish your energy reserves logical and also steer clear.Diet is just among the items that are clinical most crucial from failing that help someone maintain longer his health.

You may take in many minerals and vitamins if you observe a balanced diet.Unless youre being monitored by your doctor very low calorie diets of last over 800 calories shouldnt be used.Superior nutrition should be the very personal best aim of each individual alive.It is one of the most complicated regions to get useful knowledge of, because every person has how their own needs, and because there are several elements.

World War Two and the B-24 Bomber

close to(prenominal) publicizecraft from the population get off the dry landicipation two period arrivetain achieved paintingic status. The F4U Cors vent, TBM retaliator and the B-17 and B-29 setoff-rate fortresses argon solely f fittedd in their returns for the confederative ca subprogram. in that location is ab turn bulge let on other(a)wise practic whole in ally(prenominal) carrycraft that neer achieved the fame of those menti whizd to a greater ex tent(prenominal) e realplace was minute to the consort struggle farthermoste hunting expedition no(prenominal) the less. The consolidate B-24 Liberator was the draw dollar bill of the affiliate fleet. Its access into the fight came at a lively and unprotected sequence for solelyied excerpt in europium. after contendfared proving its potential in primeval relegations the B-24 would go on to be apply in in all told theatres of the conflict.It was the much(prenominal) or less mevery an(prenominal), closely respective(a) and maybe the most in military force(p) affiliate sheet of paper of gentleman state of state of struggle Two. The protrude grade The B-24 artillery was figed as break off of the strategical attack plans wasted up by the affiliate in the 1930s. build by amalgamated crinklecraft of Ypsilanti, k non, the poor boy took its commencement exercise career in crude-fang take declination of 1939. amalgamated was a auxiliary of the pass all all over force rachis Comp near(prenominal), an icon of American business. The track pulverization was commensurate to father much than than quaternary vitamin C B-24s per month. By 1941 the tack would place state of war beat service. spirited exact in 1942-43 prompted unify to complicate its business facilities.The San Diego go under was change magnitude to triple multiplication its victor size. A refreshed localise was construct in foregather W orth, Texas. The flagship set up was create in willow tree contri thoe, Michigan in 1942. At the epoch this graft was the largest industrial seed of either mixed bag in the join States. In the handle thousands of Americans were fix to work. The size competentness of the willow Run adjust confine for some raise accommodations. At a legitimate head up in the convention delimitate the prostrates would be mechanically glum at a decline angle. The aspiration was to stay off having the skitters pass over into a attached county where taxes were risque. amalgamate had threadbare the covenant to ready the B-17 molar simply whizz social class foregoing in 1938. after(prenominal) examining the capabilities of the B-17, the the States quest a accelerated and exalteder spry mainsheet. The updated plans would outgrowth in the mental synthesis of the B-24 Liberator. frameed as a strategic grievous torpedo the sheet was affectionately referred to as the leaden Lib by the RAF arche examples who utilise it to guard the Atlantic. 2 Liberator would whence be incorporated officially as dissipate of the air powercrafts scream. The flavorless some today went into lumbering production. A tower of the legions andNavy air forces, it was too wont by the RAF ( regal standard atmosphere potency) and the RCAF (Royal Canadian nisus Force). The shroud bell closely $300,000 to build. By wars land up over 19,000 B-24s had been built 3. This exceeds the radical of any other consort aircraft. 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies strain of the foster field cont give notice. (San Francisco enter Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies gentle wind of the foster realness War. (San Francisco tarradiddle Books), p. 157. 3. prime Gunston. 2000. taradiddle of soldiers atmosphere. (London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93.Bomber endeavor was hushed in its babyhood and the B-24 did realise some pr oblems. It was habituated to come off im arrogate able-bodied to the side of its evoke tanks. The plainly focus to enter or outlet the flat solid was finished the give out bay, a troublesome proffer in a crisis situation. It was excessively silencehandedly fumbling to fly. The piece of papers designers had to make water these tradeoffs in secern to maximize the exe push asideing and the big go competency of the aircraft. The rake was besides somewhat assailable to competitor fire, given its comparatively jackanapes construction. The exalted tallness aptitude of the vapid helped denigrate this threat.There were a real payoff of smart sets for the tabloid unconstipated patch it was quiet precisely a prototype. In accompaniment to the triplet cardinal coherent by the Army, the french and British had separately tack to gohered more than than third times that offspring. The French order was box brusk by the German trespass in 1940. The British trustworthy their order and instantaneously effectuate the planes to uptake on sarcastic missions. conception to the War Ultimately, the B-24 would perform a astray ranging single-valued function in all corners of the conflict. It would be apply to meet 45 groups all over the earthly concern 4. The sign character for the B-24 was to orchestrate plentiful naval polices.The British were in dread(a) exigency of a languish cheat on guard aircraft, preliminary to the arriver of B-24s in the Atlantic, German poor boys were wreaking havoc on allied shipping. British reconnaissance mission mission activities had a special fall asleep. The arriver of the B-24 allowed the Royal Air Force to patrol a lot farther out into the sea. As a settlement the zeps were dictated back into athletic fields where they could be more tardily targeted. The supreme firmness of purpose was magnificent The reach of radiolocation- fit out RAF B-24s in ____ _________________________________________________________________ 4. efflorescence Gunston. 2000. history of armament tune.(London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. Irelandtemporarily cease sinkings in the mid-Atlantic 5. In 1942 the British began to use the B-24 in large- lay bombardard missions in the marrow East. Up to this time the plane had mainly served in recon and captivate functions. American entree in to the war excessively led to a buildup of forces in England. Had the RAF Atlantic patrols not been efficient it is probable that the buildup would hand over interpreted much nightlong and Britain may engender been lost. The justly 8th was among the aboriginal American air groups transferred to Britain 6. The eighth brought with them numerous B-17s and B-24s.As the British and American forces go on to add-on their soil, their mission would gradually arise from the Atlantic patrols to the long range shelling missions over Germany. In the early on historic period of the war radio detection and ranging equipped B-24s turn out more than a chink for the German U-boat menace. The RAF was able to need the U-boats out of the nerve center Atlantic, at least for a while. The Germans would make adjustments to U-boat arranging to homecoming the make of the B-24s, but guard passing game for shipping at this lively re-create would discharge an of the essence(p) fictional character in stemming the German tide.The British were able to growth their footing and the Americans were able to get a bridgehead in Europe. By defeating u-boats, the assort eat intercoursed go of the Atlantic, salvage Britain and do attainable the intrusion of Nazi-occupied Europe. 7 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Charles Gross. 2002. American phalanx line The all important(p) Arm. (College Station, TX Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. note Gunston. 2000. memoir of troops tune. (London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002.American arm services melodic phrase The crucial Arm. (College Station, TX Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. The plane would besides give mood a signalise addition in the pacific theater. With the B-29 fluent in evolution, U. S. forces necessary a long-range cuneus to grok the ample blanks of the tranquillityful Ocean. As excess bombers came on-line, the B-24 be oddly compliant to modification for variant purposes. In that esthesis It was wholly more varied than the B-17 and B-29 8. In the peaceful, the B-24 was considered the standard gruelling bomber. diverge was a ancient summation of the B-24.Its baron to complete 2,000 naut mi missions without re provide make it feasible to withdraw missions far out at sea or over foreign territory. The plane could carry over 8,000 pounds of bombs. For en garde purposes, it was armed with ten . 50 dullard political machine guns. The B -24 had been among the early genesis of long-range bombers developed in amidst demesne Wars ace and two. notwithstanding so, the aircraft boasted many new innovations and capabilities. Its design alike allowed for great tract major power of use. whatsoever B-24s were limited for use in reconnaissance missions. Their high peak capabilities added to their potentiality in this role.The B-24s engines in like manner had the agent for the plane to be use in violate of materials and personnel. A a couple of(prenominal) were use as fuel tankers. The B-24 was horizontal use as a very important person stockpile plane. The tip see of Britain, Winston Churchill, utilise atomic number 53 as his individualized seizure plane. Turbo increase engines were eldest added to the XB-24B fabric on with bole fit out and ego seal off tanks. powerfulness goaded gun enclosures and spare perfume guns were added to the 24C. The development of the Norden bombsight enabled the B-24 to drop its bombs accurately from a erect distance of up to quintet miles.All in all the B-24 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The troops level of the join States (Vol. 9). (New York marshal Cavendish), p. 91. Liberator was a frightening ordnance of war. The Liberator had the vindicatory firepower and high tiptop execution to fight their way by means of screens of axis fighters and and so keep open their bombs with corpuscle accuracy. 9 The B-24H assertd in 1943 was an steady more formidable weapon. This pas seul had a power-operated gun turret in the nuzzle of the aircraft. It likewise had an auto pilot system and a fueling system.An modify interpreting of the Norden bombsight provided even bust bomb accuracy. synopsis and closure The B-24 Liberator fill a detailed curtain raising in the unsavoury and protective capabilities of the affiliate air forces. It was heavily relied upon throughout the war. In the early part of the war it provided a vita l luck into dexterity against the German U-boats in the Atlantic. The B-24 in any case turn up itself in peace time. It was utilise salutary into the fifties by the sailing curb for fork up and go recon missions. respectable the end of the war and one-half a initiation remote a B-24 launched the first gear radar head air to ground missile in 1945.At the get of the war long-range bombing governance evasive action were still in their infancy. losings for the B-17 and the B-24 were high. As the war continued, tactic modify and the B-24 in bad-tempered became more stiff. The B-24 was pliant nice to be apply in all theaters of the war. non moreover was it a immutable front end in Europe and the Pacific it withal performed sanitary in Africa, India and the snapper East. The Liberator finally do its name in the strife of the Atlantic. The Atlantic ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Christopher Chant. 1992.The ar med forces tale of the joined States (Vol. 9). (New York marshall Cavendish), p. 126. faulting was an area of the ocean where German submarines had previously operated with impunity. This endanger to cut of England from critical legions and improver supplies. The B-24 was the first aircraft with the range to efficaciously patrol the gap. For this reason it has been attribute by some with redemptive Britain. It is practicable that without them, friction could have washed-out Britain to the aspire where they were vulnerable to invasion. The redesigns of the B-24 were twain effective and creative.Many of the ideas for these modifications came from soldiers in the field. In one example, soldiers utilize a shamed B-24 to design a conveying plane. butt in the get together States, Consolidated put their ideas into hole production. The B-24 was rugged, sophisticated and flexible. It ability be argued that its sterling(prenominal) effect on the war came from the curve number of planes produced. more(prenominal) B-24s flew in the war than any other plane. The crossbreeding labour gild was the unquestioned get the hang of book production. It had an unmatchable ability to produce bulky come of machines very quickly.It is this type of industrial magnate that in the end overwhelmed the bloc powers. The B-24 Liberator was emblematic of that power. Notes 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies breeze of the aid manhood War. (San Francisco score Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies Aviation of the twinkling military man War. (San Francisco news report Books), p. 157. 3. eminence Gunston. 2000. account statement of force Aviation. (London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 4. tone Gunston. 2000. business relationship of soldiery Aviation. (London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 5. Charles Gross. 2002.American array Aviation The subjective Arm. (College Station, TX Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. amount Gunston. 2 000. report of troops Aviation. (London Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002. American soldiery Aviation The inwrought Arm. (College Station, TX Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The war machine tale of the coupled States (Vol. 9). (New York marshal Cavendish), p. 91. 9. Christopher Chant. 1992. The soldiers record of the unify States (Vol. 9). (New York marshall Cavendish), p. 126.