Stephen A. Douglas :: essays research papers

Stephen A. Douglas was born in Brandon, Vermont on April 23, 1813. His father, a young mendelevium of high standing, died suddenly when Stephen was two months old, and the widow with her two children retired to a farm near Brandon. This is where Stephen lived with her until he was fifteen years old. He attended school during the cardinal winter months and working on the farm the remainder of the year. He wanted to earn his own living so he went to Middlebury and became an apprentice in the cabinetmaking business. This trade he followed for about(predicate) eighteen months, when he was forced to stop his work because of impaired health, after this he attended the academy at Brandon for about a year. In the autumn of 1830 he moved to New York State and attended the academy at Canandaigua where he began his study of law. Realizing that his mother wouldnt be unable to support him through his courses, he was determined to go to the west, and on June 24, 1833, he set out for Cleveland, Ohio, where he was dangerously ill with fever for quaternary months. He then visited Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Jacksonville, Illinois, but failed to receive any employment. Feeling Discouraged, he walked to Winchester. Here he found employment as clerk to an auctioneer at an administrators sale, and was paid six dollars. He studied law at night, and on Saturdays dressd before justices of the peace. In March 1834, he removed to Jacksonville, obtained his license, and began the regular practice of law. Two weeks after that he addressed a large Democratic meeting in defense of General Jacksons administration. In December 1840, he was nominate secretary of state of Illinois, and in the following February elected a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1843 Judge Douglas was elected to congress by a majority of 400, and he was reelected in 1844 by 1,900, and again in 1846 by over 3,000 but before the term began he was chosen U.S. senator, and took his seat in the senate on Mar ch 4, 1847. The bill for organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which Douglas reported in January 1854 reopened the whole slavery dispute and caused great popular excitement, as it repealed the part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which excluded slavery from the regions of the atomic number 57 Purchase north of the Mason-Dixon line, and declared the people of any state or territory free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, prevail over only to the Constitution of the United States.

Leonardo da vinci Essay -- essays research papers fc

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was a man of many worlds. He was agreat influence inhis time. Leonardo was known as manythings. He was known as a sculptor, architect, writer,musician,philosopher, engineer, and scientist. But most ofall he was known for his impressive paintings thatinfluenced the world. Leonardo was born in Anchiano, Italy on April 15, 1452,to Piero Da Vinci, a prominent public official in Florence,and a peasant fair sex named Caterina. He was born out ofwedlock and shortly after his birth they were married, butnot to each other. As an infant, Leonardo was cared for byother family members his uncles, grandmother, and Aunts. Later, his tyro took him into his own house where he wasforced to join and get along with half-brothers andhalf-sisters. While living with his father, he wasreceiving the best education he could get and his talentsand learning started to show at a very early age. In1469, by the age of 17, his father sent him to study in theworkshop of a we ll-known(a) Italian Renaissance master namedAndrea lV Errocchio. He remained on that point until 1476 andLeonardo had picked up a variety of skills. He spentseveral years there practicing a variety of things such asdrafting engineering, architecture, and building, but mostof all he studied painting and drawing. Leonardo was assigned to build a golden sphere and cross tosit on top of the domed ...

Comparing Internet Privacy in the European Union and the United States :: Internet Private Censorship Essays

Comparing Internet Privacy in the European core and the United StatesIntroductionMost people regard ones right to privacy as a fundamental right. But how do we define privacy? fit to Basse, there are three aspects to privacy freedom from intrusion, control of information about ones self, and freedom from surveillance.1 Certainly, we sacknot expect complete privacy in all of these aspects at all metres. However, technological advances are making it increasingly difficult for individuals to determine when they can and cannot expect privacy, and what degree of privacy they can expect.For example, at one sequence a personal conversation taking place far from prying ears would have afforded the participants a very high expectation of privacy. This was no longer the courting once directional microphones were developed. Similarly, satellites in orbit high overhead can take pictures of places that had previously been considered reclusive (and do so with astounding resolution). GPS-com patible cellular phones can be used to pinpoint the location of the person carrying them.Computers are another technological advancement that has threatened the privacy of an individuals personal information. In 1977, it was announced that information processing system matching, which takes previously unrelated files, would be used to reduce welfare abuse.2 Computer matching is now commonplace both within the government and in the private sector. While this type of matching would have been possible without the use of computers (by hand matching hard-copy file, for example), computers have made it practical, relatively easy and inexpensive. With the Internet, organizations can transfer info from one point in the world to another easily and almost instantly, further facilitating the practice of computer matching. In addition, with the rise in popularity of the World simple tissue, the Internet has become not only an information exchange medium, but also an information collection m edium.Consider browsing the World Wide Web. scarcely by visiting a web page, one has already told the owner of that web site quite a bit of information about ones self. Web browsers routinely send web servers information as part of the hypertext transport protocol (http) request. This information can include things such as the date and time of the visit, the web browsers IP address, the type of web browser and operating system, and the URL of the web page previously visited. In addition, web servers can send cookies, venial files containing identifying information, back to the web browser. In this way, a web server can now uniquely identify repeat visitors to a web site.

Reading Comprehension: From Research to Classroom Essay -- Educational

Language plays a central role in almost all aspects of our lives. This write up will focus on examining the cognitive processes that are involved in using and understanding written language. Because language almost always involves units of language large than an individual word or a single sentence, it is important to emphasize how people understand connected discourse, such as stories. Understanding these central cognitive processes will help school psychologists understand how to facilitate reading comprehension in the classroom setting. Although most of these psychological studies do not deal with particular proposition methods on how to how to comprehend a story, these studies do indicate some of the more powerful factors that influence whether comprehension occurs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integration of the underway border ones of research in reading comprehension with ways of facilitating comprehension in the classroom. First, a summary of the current app roaches to comprehension is given, highlighting the most central concepts arising from some(prenominal) different perspectives. Second, a review of the empirical research is included, illustrating how recent advances in theory have increased awareness of the comprehension skills of children, especially at an primal age. Third, some of the main conclusions and issues in the area are discussed in terms of theoretical and empirical advances and applications to school settings.One of the central approaches to comprehension is termed schema theory. This approach can be used to interpret how readers interpret the text that they read. The core components of schema theory are derived from Sir Frederic Bartletts (1932) use of the word schemata and his exposition of adults memory for s... ...Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726.Ericsson, K.A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, vol. 49(8), pp. 725- 747.Kintsch, W. (1998). C omprehension A Paradigm for Cognition. N.Y Cambridge University Press.Hart, B., & Risley, T.R. (1992). American parenting of language-learning children Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in essential home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1096-1105.Nagy, W.E., & Scott, J. (2000). Vocabulary Processes in Kamil, M.et al., Handbook of Reading Research, vol. III. Mahwah, N.J. Erlbaum.Thorndike, P.W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1979). The use of schemata in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 82-106.Solso, R.L., Maclin, O.H., & Maclin, M.K. (2008). Cognitive Psychology Eight Edition.

Objections Of The Croquette And Hoop Skirt :: essays research papers

While reading selections from The Tatler and The Spectator, two subjects that I found most interesting were that of the coquette and her place in society, and also that of fashion, in particular, the hoop skirt.The Websters Dictionary defines a coquette as "a woman who flirts." One of the reasons why she appears so frequently in these essays is because these men sense a danger in them. The croquette is a figure of self-sufficiency and 18th ascorbic acid women were non supposed to be self-sufficient. Women of the 18th century were supposed to be sugar and spice and everything nice and, above all, dependent on men. When a croquette comes into the picture, however, the men are the ones who cant handle themselves. The croquette is a flirtatious woman who knows very well the powers of her sex and uses them to her advantage. Just by looking and acting a certain way around men, she learns how to control them to a certain degree. Although the men realize what she is doing, they a re powerless to stop it. It is also apparent to these men that women are able to be deceitful, and that the coquette may not be the beginning or the end of this deceitfulness. And they find this to be very dangerous to the ideas of knowing your respective places in their society. Addison and Steele seem to think that the croquette is not solitary(prenominal) a lady who tends to flirt with every man she comes into contact with, but any young lady who outwardly makes every attempt to find a suitable marriage partner. In No. 110, of The Tatler (478-482), Addison speaks of a certain young woman being accused of catching the lust of several young men and breaking their hearts. He explains how she seems very innocent when proposed with the accusation and that this is how she obtains that she is not in the wrong. The way he words this essay makes me think that he believes that it is criminal for a woman to use the "Motion of her Eyes and Turn of her Countenance"(p 479) to capture the eyes of a possible suitor. Because a woman is able to use her special(a) powers in such a way is deceitful and therefore may lead to other wrongful doings which, in turn, disturbs the way Addison believes the opposite sexes make opposite sides of society.

Objections Of The Croquette And Hoop Skirt :: essays research papers

While reading selections from The Tatler and The Spectator, two subjects that I found most interest were that of the coquette and her place in society, and also that of fashion, in particular, the hoop skirt.The Websters Dictionary defines a coquette as "a cleaning woman who flirts." One of the reasons wherefore she appears so frequently in these essays is because these men sense a danger in them. The croquette is a figure of self-sufficiency and 18th century women were not mantic to be self-sufficient. Women of the 18th century were supposed to be sugar and spice and boththing nice and, above all, dependent on men. When a croquette comes into the picture, however, the men are the ones who arouset handle themselves. The croquette is a flirtatious woman who knows very well the powers of her sex and uses them to her advantage. Just by looking and acting a certain panache around men, she learns how to control them to a certain degree. Although the men realize what she is doing, they are powerless to stop it. It is also apparent to these men that women are able to be deceitful, and that the coquette may not be the beginning or the end of this deceitfulness. And they find this to be very dangerous to the ideas of knowing your respective places in their society. Addison and Steele come along to turn over that the croquette is not only a lady who tends to flirt with every man she comes into contact with, but any young lady who outwardly makes every attempt to find a suitable marriage partner. In No. 110, of The Tatler (478-482), Addison speaks of a certain young woman being accused of catching the crave of several young men and breaking their hearts. He explains how she seems very innocent when proposed with the accusation and that this is how she obtains that she is not in the wrong. The way he words this essay makes me think that he believes that it is criminal for a woman to use the "Motion of her Eyes and Turn of her Countenance"(p 479) t o capture the eyes of a possible suitor. Because a woman is able to use her special powers in such a way is deceitful and therefore may lead to other wrongful doings which, in turn, disturbs the way Addison believes the opposite sexes serve opposite sides of society.

Drivers of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Essay

Drivers of Sustainable lend Chain ManagementIntroduction Sustainability in all operations of a business is a contemporary issue that ensures firms gain competitive advantage. Supply string management is a discipline dealing with the reorganization of a firms extra-supply activities to accomplish a competitive edge in the market and take advantage of customer value. It is withal concerned with the suppliers attempt to establish and effect supply handcuffs which are both efficient and economical for them. An organizations supply chain is a multidimensional activity covering most aspects ranging from manufacturing, to goods and services development, and the cultivation systems.The drivers of a sustainable supply chain management can be either internal or external. Internal sustainability drivers include internal business processes maculation the external are legislation, environmental drivers, customers, and social drivers (Hanuv 35). Legal requirements compliance is a fundamental drive in achieving a sustainable supply chain management. It is the head start point because failure to comply to regulations implies that the business is illegal (Cohen 80). Regulatory issues include general environmental police forces that may give direction to products disposal and recycling. Compliance to the law enhances the supply chain and hence making it sustainable. Financial drivers are also vital for a sustainable supply chain management. Sustainable supply chain management leads to efficiency and effectiveness in business operations that result to good financial performance. This is brought by reversed logistics that result to cost minimization and saving. Sustainability is also driven by internal business processes such as offering warrants, product leases, and replacements. These activities enhance effectiveness in production to minimize replacements and hence in the long run a business attains a sustainable supply chain. Customers are the most important stakeholders to any business and they greatly drive firms into adopting sustainable supply chain management (Hugos 56). The clients have large number of substitute goods at their disposal, which gives them the driving force to impact the operations a firm. As firms cast to accumulate customers pressure such as buying from companies with green image, they end up attaining sustainable supply chain management.ReferencesCohen, Shoshanah. Contemporary Supply Chain Management. Strategic Supply Chain Management The Five Disciplines for Top Performance2nd Revised Edition. New York Mcgraw-hill Professional, 2013. 80-132. Print.Hanuv, Mann. Drivers of Sustainable Supply Chain Management. The IUP diary of Operations Management. Vol. IX. No. 4(2010) 1-58Hugos, Michael H. Sustainability in Supply Chain Management. Essentials of Supply Chain Management. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2011. 56-124. Print.Source document

Health and social care setting Essay

My health and affable c ar setting is an under 5s nursery, within my setting at that place may be umpteen incidents or emergencies. There could be incidents within my setting such(prenominal)(prenominal) as bumping their heads, falling over, tripping over toys. An emergency within my setting could be things such as fires or severe injuries such as being knocked unconscious. In this assignment I will cover two incidents or emergencies, the whizzs I will be covering atomic number 18 actual and suspected crime and expo genuine to infection, I will start of with my P4 explaining possible priorities and responses when dealing with these incidents, I will indeed go onto D2 justifying why I am making those responses, finally I will go onto my M3 where I will discuss the health, recourse and security of individuals within my setting when the incident or emergency occurs.In a case of actual abuse your priority is the kidren, you should achieve sure there is trusted members of sta ff to listen to them at all times and take what they are saying seriously, it is vital that staff do non just clangour it off as a silly comment or something theyve heard on TV, they should do this because although they may be unsure about what the tyke is telling them, it is most likely true, children of this age do not fabricate things such as this, they should not just shrug it off and take some(prenominal) notice because they feel to relay as much detail to their supervisor as possible.In the case of a child expressing to an adult about abuse, they should listen carefully, go int walk remote from the child or disrupt them whilst they are telling you, you should feel privileged as a child confiding in you about their abuse must mean they trust you, they should not do this because it will make the child feel although they are comp allowely alone and separated and although they are not being heard, they will lose the trust they had in them.Whilst the child is confiding in y ou you should make sure you distort to maintain professionalism, you should do this because if you start to getpersonally involved and staff infer you are acquire personally involved, it may be hard for them to 100% trust everything you are relaying to them it may be hard for the child to withal understand what is acceptable within your relationship.Listen carefully to them, try get them to sit with you in a quiet environment, you should do this because there is less distraction for the child, meaning they wont just run off and play, it is also easier for you to hear everything the child is saying to you in depth, this also protects the childs dignity and stops other children hearing what they are saying, or other children trying to grab your attention away from the situation. take overt not be afraid of awkward silences either and definitely dont try to fill them, you shouldnt do this because it can be seen as your trying to push the child for answers, which should never be do ne. You shouldnt really ask the children questions, the reason you should not do this is people can fall upon you are trying to put things in their heads or pushing them for answers they dont feel comfortable giving, its also vital you dont ask them questions as different people are going to be doing a lot of that. Try to sit at the childrens level and try to maintain eye contact with them, be aware of your body language. You should be aware of this because if you are too close to them or try to touch their hand to comfort them, this may make them shut down due to the abuse they are experiencing, being touched is uncomfortable to them. Once the child has expressed to you the abuse they are experiencing you should tell your line manager, if the child asks you to call off not to tell anyone, which they probably will you have to maintain your professional head and tell them you cannot promise this. You should never make promises to them, especially things such as dont worry we will sort this out, things will be better, you should never do this because you should never make a promise to a child you cannot keep, you can say reassuring things like I promise it is not your fault only you cannot promise things like not telling anyone, as this is dishonest, you will have to relay what the child has said to the staff and the child will end up shutting of from you and not confiding any other information to you.In a case of suspected abuse your priority should be making sure that if youhave any suspicions you should report them and follow them through, you should do this because til now if you are unsure whether they are ex piercing a use, you should not just let it slide as you may be covering up abuse if you do. if you look on the accidental and non accidental bruising chart and you think you see bruises where it states on the non accidental chart but the parents have not mentioned it, you should report it, dont just brush it off because you are embarrassed that yo u may be wrong, you should do this because even if you are wrong, you have done your job in the well being of the child within youre care. If you are distrustful of a childs behaviour, if they are awkward when it comes to a certain sex, show sexual advances I.e.Pull their underwear down continuously even afterward being told its wrong or isolate themselves when playing you should report your suspicions. It is vital that if a childs under 16 and you have even a slight suspicion they are beings abused, you should report it immediately. You should voice your concerns to the child protection appointed officer, who can then deal with the concerns, you should report it to them straight away as they are the best person to report it. This is a delicate incident, if a child reports abuse to you, their safety could be at risk, especially if the abuser finds out the child has confided in someone about the abuse, they could hurt them further physically and remove the child from the care of t he nursery. The childs safety could be at severe harm if they were to do this, as although it has been reported the child is not in a safe environment during the day any longer, potentially being subject to more abuse. If the abuse is suspected, reported and found to be irrelevant, the parents may find it uncomfortable to send their child back to the nursery, thinking they have been accused of abuse. The child may not want to come back or may show bad behaviour towards the nursery assistants as the child does not understand why they had to go through they ordeal.P4explain possible priorities and responses when dealing with two particular incidents or emergencies in a health or social care setting & M2 discuss, health, safety or security concerns arising from a specific incident or emergency in a health and social care setting&D2Justify responses to a particular incident or emergency in a health or social care setting.In my setting, exposure to infection is high, children are always picking up bugs, colds etc. they also sometimes have accidents, this means the staff are exposed to corporeal fluids. You should always protect yourself and those around you from infections. Infections are able to enter the, tyo body in several different ways, these are inhalation- br erasehing in, ingestion- swallowing and inoculation-a break in the skin. When workings in my setting, it is vital to have strict hygiene standards. When dealing with changing childrens nappies, staff should airstream their hold thoroughly with soap and warm water, then apply gloves and proceed to change them or help the children with the toilet, they should do this when dealing with accidents also, they should wash their hands before they apply gloves because if they have any germs already on their hands, putting the gloves on will only make them multiply, this is why they should also wash them afterwards also although they are use gloves which stop the body fluids getting onto their hands they cou ld have missed germs the first time washing them. Staff should thoroughly clean cutlery used and when severing food,make sure they have once again washed their hands and applied gloves, staff should do this because if a child has a cold or infection of any kind, if their cups theyve used have not been washed thoroughly, germs could easily be missed and handed to another child with a low immune system which could multiply in no time. They should make sure when they are serving food they wash their hands and put gloves on again, because of germs multiplying and if they have a cut using a blue wash-proof daub they should do this because it is easy to spot within food and is wash-proof, so it will not come unstuck easily when in contact with water, it will also be noticeable if it becomes loose or falls of within food, as it is blue if it does fall off within food, the food should be correctly accustomed of, they should do this because the food is then classed as contaminated and no good.They should make sure that the children always thoroughly wash and dry their hands after using the bathroom as this can pass on infection quickly, they should make sure of this as if the children do not wash their hands then go and play, they are transferring the germs from their body fluids to other children and other toys, they could touch another child and easily pass it on, they could even give themselves more germs by putting their hands intheir mouthes etc. When the children have chomp time it is vital that they wash their hands, or use hand sanitiser before and after eating, they should do this because before they eat they could have lots of germs on their hands from picking up toys etc. they want to ensure they are eradicating as many germs as possible, they should also wash their hands afterwards as they have touched food and probably touched the table etc, they could have sneezed and things such as this. They should encourage children to sneeze into tissues or their elbow and make sure when they have sneezed or blown their nose, they dispose of the tissue correctly and wash their hands afterwards, they should do this because this will minimise the bypass of they infection via inhalation, I.e. Air born infections and it will minimise the amount of germs they transfer from toy to toy, then toy to child. They should also clean tables before they use them for snack time, I feel they should do this because if a child has sneezed coughed or put their fingers I n their mouths and run their hands all over the table, their germs will be all over them, the tables will also have had toys all over them which most under 5 year olds would have put in their mouthes, so theoretically the tables should be disinfected, as should the toys, the toys should be disinfected because if a child has touched them or put them in their mouthes with infection, the chance of the germs spreading to all the other toys when they are crammed into a box in a dark cold cupboard i s high.Children within the nursery could be at great risk of catching infections from one another, they frequently sneeze and do not cover their mouths and noses, sneezing onto toys and in the air meaning children can catch they infection they may have by simply breathing around them. One typical thing children do with toys is put them in their mouthes, if another child has antecedently sneezed on this or put it in their mouth whilst they have an infection, this is automatically spread from one to the next. If the child has an infection such as conjunctivitis and is in nursery without undergoing treatment this could be spread via the child touching and itching their eyes, then touching toys or other children. If a child has an infection such as impetigo, they would only have to have skin to skin contact with someone who has a cut on their skin, this will pass it onto them,these two examples although see small, are high risk infections. Within my setting the healthof individuals is at risk here, because peoples immune systems react differently to infections, so an infection such as a minor flu that has not affected someone too severely, may affect someone else quite severely, resulting in hospital care etc. this type of infection could result in their being an epidemic of flu within the nursery, resulting in everyone become infected unable to attended nursery/work. For example, if a child or worker has asthma or a form of lung indisposition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also known as COPD (this could be in a worker) then what we see as a simple bout of flu or a nasty cold, could cause these individuals more serious illness such as a chest infection, it could also cause irreversible damage to their lungs.

Bowen Family Systems Therapy Essay

AbstractThis paper was designed to fully describe Bowens Theory of Family Systems Therapy. The eight innovations that illustrate this guess go aside be thoroughly discussed and explained. References of professionals who do cogitationed with and studied Bowen surmisal go forth be implemented and relied on in night club to adequately understand and depict this theory. And finally, the second portion of this essay testament let in a content study. The case study allow for show up a family profile, a treatment plan and goals, interventions and a projected outcome for the familys recovery. Through this case study the reader ordain be able to identify Bowen techniques and get a to a greater extent kinesthetic look on how Bowens Family System Therapy is applied.IntroductionBowens Family System Theory is based on the family as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the root word that the family is so emotionally integrated that the effect each member has on the other membe rs lay near be overwhelming. Bowens Theory focuses on that emotional connectedness and assumes that the family stinkpot either promote cohesiveness and cooperation or tension and anguish. Therefore, harmonise to this theory, a change in i persons attitude or actions will be followed by a reciprocal change in the functioning of the other members. When anxiety levels rise within the family unit the stress levels will also heighten. Therefore, when this happens sensation or members will end up feeling overwhelmed, isolated or out of control and then the family unit will be shaken as a whole.During this time of distress, the members who feel nigh out of control orstressed will cypher extra hard to accommodate the other members. This is split up of the reciprocal interaction. This member who absorbs most of the tension is most comparablely the member who will end up most susceptible to problems such as illness, alcoholism and affairs.Eight ConceptsIn order to implement this theory into a therapy session Bowen created eight interlocking concepts to assist the therapist in working with families. The concepts include triangles, distinction of egotism, nuclear family emotional system, family projection process, multi coevalsal transmission process, sibling position, emotional shortcut and societal emotional process. However, it is important for any therapist to keep in theme that, according to Mike Nichols (1988), the core goal underlying the Bowenian model is specialty of self, to a greater extent specifically, the ability to remain iself in the face of group influences, especially the vivid influence of family life(p.2).TrianglesThe eight interlocking concepts argon key to understanding Bowenian Family Therapy. To begin, triangles are a three person relationship system. Triangles are considered the building blocks of the larger emotional system. The reason cosmos that the triangle is the smallest stable relationship system. Three people rouse t ake on much more tension than dickens people. Additionally, a triangle can contain a large amount of stress without bringing in a fourth person because the tension can shift around to all three relationships. However, just because a triangle can bear more tension does non counterbalance it healthier. Someone is intimately always left out and nothing gets resolved in a triangle formation. Triangles and their undesirable effects on the family unit contri barelye greatly to the training of clinical problems.Within triangles, members are pushed from outsider to insider positions of conflict. Within this inside/ outside drama members will begin maneuvering and manipulating their positions within the group, thus causing fights and with that heavy material body on the relationships. Getting pushed from inside to outside positions can trigger depression and even a physical illness. For example, two parents focusing on what is wrong with a child can trigger serious rebellion within tha t child. While triangles whitethorn seemcomfortable and stable, they end up being a broad problem within the family unit. Differentiation of SelfIn opposition of triangles is Bowens idea of preeminence of self. According to Fritzland (1991, p. 1), the degree to which a antitheticaliation of self occurs in an individual reflects the extent to which that person is able to distinguish between the intellectual process and the feeling process he or she is experiencing. Thus differentiation of self is related to the degree to which one is able to choose between having his or her actions, relationships and life died by feelings or thoughts. Individuals with the most fusion between their emotions and thoughts and relationships are the lowest functioning people. These people get to a point where they cannot even tell what feelings and thoughts are their ingest and which are those of other people.Un secern Family Ego business dealBowen introduced the concept of the undifferentiated fami ly ego mass. Undifferentiated family ego mass is the idea that thither is a syndicated emotional oneness that exists in all levels of intensity. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1991, p. 171) give a great example of this in the relationship between suffer and child and child and father. They write, The symbiotic relationship of interdependency between mother and child may represent the most intense version of this concept a fathers detachment may be the least intense. The degree to which any one member is involved in the family from mammary glandent to moment depends on that persons basic level of involvement in the family ego mass. When the emotional nearness is too intense and possibly overbearing this may lead to an uncomfortable closeness within the family, closeness that will lead to mutual rejection between members. It may lead to fights that include intense yelling, slamming of doors and phone hang ups.Bowen insists that maturity and self-actualization demand that an individual become free of unresolved emotional attachments to his or her family of origin. Fritzlan (1991, p.4) notes that Bowens theory assumes that every human has an instinctive force inside them that propels the graveling child to grow up to be an emotionally separate person, able to think, feel, and act as an individual. At the same time, Bowen proposes that a similar life force, also instinctively ingrained, thrusts the child and family to remainemotionally connected. As a result of these counterbalancing forces, argues Bowen, no one ever arrive ats complete emotional separation from the family of origin. However, there are considerable differences in the amount of separation each of us accomplishes, as well as differences in the degree to which children from the same set of parents, emotionally separate from the family.Nuclear Family Emotional SystemThe third concept builds on the idea of differentiation of self and is called nuclear family emotional system. The concept of the nuclea r family emotional system describes four basic relationship patterns that govern where problems may develop in a family. married conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment of one or more children and emotional di lieu are the patterns which will govern where problems will probably develop within the family. The more anxiety one person or one relationship sucks in, the less other people must absorb. This means that whatsoever family members drive got their functioning at the expense of others, which ends up causing a strenuous amount of tension on the people who must accommodate. People do not want to hurt each other, but when anxiety chronically dictates behavior, someone usually suffers because of it. The next concept that Bowen introduces gives the concept of the nuclear family emotional system more reason to its rhyme.Family Projection ProcessThe family projection process touches on the different type of relationships that parents have with each of their children. When on e child is focused on more than another child, the focused on child will typically be more consolidated with his or her parents than the unfocused on child. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990) say that differences in parental behavior make for significant differences in how each child functions (p.221). Furthermore, the child who is most focused on is most sensitive to disturbances and initial signs of instability within the family. Simply put, when the parents select the most infantile child of the family as the object of their attention, Bowen calls this the family projection process.Multigenerational Transmission ProcessThe next key concept that Murray Bowen substantial is multigenerationaltransmission process. Multigenerational transmission processing describes how the entire family joins in the family projection process that was previously discussed. Bowen wrote that multigenerational transmission process provides a base from which to make predictions in the present generation a nd gives an overview of what to expect in coming generations. This process entails the way family emotional processes are transferred and maintained over the generations. In this theory Bowen contends that people choose pair with equivalent levels of differentiation to their declare.Thus, the passing undifferentiated person will choose a mate that is similarly undifferentiated from their family and the differentiated person will welcome a mate who is also differentiated from their family of origin. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990, p. 198) say that it is probable that these poorly differentiated people, now a married couple, will themselves become highly fused and will produce a family with the same characteristics. Furthermore, Bowen believes that the resulting nuclear family emotional system will be unstable and will seek various ways to undertake tension and maintain stability by over indulging in such things as alcohol, drugs, and getting involved in codependent relationship .This can affect a child psychologically as well and it can then perpetuate and become a cycle within the family. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990, p. 199) say that psychological impairment in a child is enabling to the parents as they will simply focus attention on the child and ignore or deny their own overleap of differentiation. This will only further inhibit the childs development of self as well as support the already dysfunctional marital relationship.Sibling PositionSibling position is a concept that Bowen stressed. He believes that each child has a place in the family hierarchy and therefore was more or less likely to fit certain projections. For example, the oldest sibling is more likely to be the mature, responsible one. Whereas the youngest child will more likely be the class clown, irresponsible and immature one. While this concept is well known and maybe even intrinsic to most people, Bowen believes this to be key when understanding differentiation and working within t he family emotional system.Emotional CutoffThe seventh concept that Bowen developed for his theory is called emotional cutoff. Most people have experienced this concept or have at least heard of it. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990) write that emotional cutoff is a flight from unresolved emotional ties, and is not true liberty from the family (p. 225). Emotional cutoffs do several things they reflect a problem, such as underlying fusion between generations. They solve the problem by reducing the anxiety in the cutoff relationship. And finally, they create a problem by isolating people who might benefit from closer contact. Fritzlan (1991) notes that cutoffs most often occur in families where there is a high level of anxiety and emotional dependence.Bowen has suggested that when emotional cutoffs exist between parents and grandparents, then a cutoff between parents and children of the following generation increases in likelihood. It is easy to see how cutoffs can occur and how the oth er key concepts if not understood or resolved can cause an emotional cutoff in a family relationship.Societal Emotional ProcessFinally, the eighth key concept is societal emotional process. This process is in a way like the family projection process except scaled to a societal level. Families that deal with discrimination, prejudice and persecution will pass on to their children coping methods and ways to which they survived these factors. Basically, these are brotherly expectations about racial and class groups, the behaviors or each gender and their effects on the family. Andreas Viklund (2009) noted that the family unit and society as a whole have the task of promoting the long term interest of individual members and the society as an entirety.Evaluation and Validity of Bowens TheoryWhile Bowen is considered to be one of the most effective theorists in marriage and family arena of therapy, there are both strengths and weaknesses to his ideas. His eight key concepts are great too ls for therapists to use as a guide for therapy, but it is important to note the validity of his theory and to review his theory in a more critical way. The main concept that Bowen teaches is differentiation of self.This is the psychiatric hospital idea for all of his concepts.Differentiation of self is very important, however Bowen did not leave a sufficient tool as a means to beatnik clients differentiation of self. Richard et al (2004) note that Bowen suggested that clinicians could use a differentiation-of-self scale ranging from 0 to 100 however, he provided few guidelines to help clinicians reliably and accurately assign an permit score. Indeed, he claimed that the concept was not quantifiable for researchers. Consequently, Bowens scale has been useful only as a theoretical tool.In the last decade there have been two scales, Habers Level of Differentiation of Self Scale and Kowrons Differentiation of Self Inventory, that were developed as a means to musical rhythm differen tiation. Richard et al (2004) researched the validity of these two scales with Bowens theory by having two experts in Bowen theory rate the relevance of the items in these scales. The first scale importantly check with chronic anxiety and psychological distress, which is consistent with Bowen theory and, thereby, demonstrates sufficient validity. The second scale was also consistent with Bowen theory, the Differentiation of Self Inventory correlated significantly with chronic anxiety, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated psychometric support for the four subscales.Bowen theorized that people marry according to their same level of differentiation, this is called the multigenerational transmission process. Bowen simply stated, People who marry have the same level of differentiation of self (Kerr & Bowen, 1988, p. 225). This is because each spouse has the same wish for emotional reinforcement from the relationship (K err & Bowen, 1988, p. 171). This concept is probably one of Bowens weakest. There have been numerous studies, Richter (1998), Richards (1988) and Skowron (2000) just to name a few, that totally repudiate this idea of Bowens. While this does not necessarily knock down his entire theory it does poke some holes in it and force the common therapist to reconsideration their approach to working with married couples and their families.While the above concept is a fairly weak one, there is another aspect of multigenerational transmission process that proves to be stronger. There is a vast amount of research supporting a specific aspect of Bowens concept of multigenerational transmission process. The aspect that parents and childrens set and beliefs are highly correlated seems to have strong validity according to studies. Many of these studies were conducted in the field of social gerontology and date back to the betimes 1970s when research about the generation gap was conducted to exami ne continuity between generations (Troll & Bengtson, 1979). These studies have consistently found that parents and childrens values and beliefs are highly correlated, as assumed by Bowen.There is also a substantial amount of literature that gives evidence that levels of individual and relationship functioning are passed on from one generation to another. For example, Richard et al (2004) write that studies have revealed that there is a multigenerational transmission process for violence (Alexander, Moore, & Alexander, 1991), divorce (Amato, 1996), and marital quality (Feng, Giarrusso, Bengtson, & Frye, 1999). Richard at al (2004) also remarks that research has also shown that eating disorders (Whitehouse & Harris, 1998), depressed affect (Whitbeck et al., 1992), and alcoholism (Sher, Gershuny, Peterson, & Raskin, 1997) are transmitted inter-generationally (p. 9).Through many studies testing different aspects of Bowens theory there are and will continue to be weak points exposed. How ever, there proves to be a vast amount of validity to his theory as well. The weakest clue is definitely that people marry according to their own differentiation. In my own life Bowens idea proves to be untrue and while looking at different marriages around me I do not see any sort of pattern in this regard. If anything, I have observed people marrying resistance of their own differentiation level rather than finding a spouse who matches their level of differentiation. Even still, differentiation of self as a whole demonstrates to be the most valid and prominent idea in Bowen theory, both Biblically and psychologically.Biblical Integration and EvaluationI believe God was first to introduce the idea of differentiation of self, especially differentiation of self when entering into marriage. Genesis 224 says, For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh. According to this verse it seems that differentiation is shown by ones ability to leave their parents before they can rightly cleave to their spouse. Since Bowen emphasizes the sine qua non for a person to be emotionally differentiated from parents in order to maintain healthy balances of individuality and togetherness in turn out relationships, this seems to be paralleled with the command presented in Genesis. According to Bowen and Kerr (1988), only a differentiated person can be securely attached. Furthermore, this seems to be Gods stance on differentiation as well. It seems that God, being omnipotent and all knowing, designed marriages to work out best when spouses are healthily differentiated from their families of origin.In my opinion, differentiation of self is very important and seeing how the Bible supports this idea I feel even stronger about its significance. This is the main reason I chose to write about Bowens Theory to begin with. I appreciate Bowens eight concepts, as I believe they are great tools for therapists. The concepts help the therapist to work within this theory without feeling lost or overwhelmed by the new ideas or different facets they are implementing into the therapy session.Even more personally, I think that my own differentiation of self has been weak until the last year or so. This is another reason I chose to work with Bowens Theory. When I first got married I was very attached to my family and often chose them over my husband or even over myself. I know that this not only hurt my husbands feelings, but also the quality of our marriage. When I finally understood that I was spending too much time with my parents and choosing their events over quality time with Elden (my husband), things drastically changed between us. Many problems we were having fixed themselves and he became significantly happier.Elden emphasized to me that he felt much more respected by me when I began deferring to him rather than my parents regarding issues. And in turn, I began to feel much more loved by him because he became mindful of the way he was treating me since it wasobvious I was making conscience decisions to be more attached to him and to my own independence than my family. While I still spend a good amount of time with my family, Elden is much more voluntary to spend time with them along with me because he knows and feels that he always comes first. Also, I take much more time for myself and the things I enjoy, which makes everyone happier. looking for back I wish that I would have truly understood differentiation of self before getting married, but I am so grateful that I did learn it early on as it will only help us for the rest of our lives together.Seeing how this very small aspect of a privation of self-differentiation die harded out on my own life drew me to Bowens Theory. I wanted to understand how great of a role this theory could play in everyday life. I see now that differentiation of self has a much larger role in familial success than I had thought. And I believe Bo wens eight aspects only further make the point of this theorys significance in family systems therapy.Case StudyLooking at my own life would be a perfect case study for Bowen Theory. However, since Elden and I did not get any therapy for our issues it would be difficult to use. keeping my previous story in mind, here is the profile of the case I have chosen to illustrate The client family consists of three boys and a mother and father. Stan, the father, called in to make an appointment because his wife, Jen who is in her late 40s, is having anxiety attacks and is overwhelmed by her three sons. She tends to yell at the boys and feels like she has not patience for them anymore. Stan says he has been out of a bloodline for three years and Jen s parents have been supporting their family for the last 6 months. The boys, Joel, Derek and Steve range in ages from pre adolescent to late teens, the eldest being Steve who is graduating from high school soon. Stan reports that they are very h igh energy, but well behaved and successful in their school and sports activities. Stan emphasizes that he is most worried about mom, Jen, and thinks the boys are handling things just fine, as is he.After seeing the family as a whole once it is obvious that Jen is not the main problem, it is Stan. However, since Stan is out of work Jen is takingon the stress of the family and it is more than she can bear. The three boys are very close to their parents and the youngest one, Joel, is totally fused with Jen. Joel sat on Jens roundabout during the session and acted very much like a baby when she was not able gives him her full attention. Stan seems to have come to terms with not having a job and the fact that Jens parents are supporting them, however he continues to call Jen mom and talk about how sensitive and delicate she is. There seems to be a lack of intimacy between Stan and Jen along with a lack of respect for one another. And finally, the only one of the children who does not c all Jen mommy is Derek, the middle child.Goals, word Plan and InterventionsBefore presenting the familys treatment plan and prognosis it is important to understand what the goal of Bowen family systems therapy is. The goal is to increase the capableness of one or more members to adapt to and deal with the constant change and evolution of family life. Graefe (1955) describes the differentiation effort by using a metaphor from sailing you cannot change the velocity of the winds, but you can change the direction of the sales (p.2). It is with this goal in mind that the treatment plan can be created. To begin, this familys treatment plan will be to complete a genogram so that I can fully understand their families of origin. It is easy to see that in this family there is a lot of triangulation, broadly between the parents and Steve, the oldest son. At times Derek takes Steves place in the triangulation between Stan and Jen.However, he is mostly in an alliance with Stan and has picked up much of his fathers sexist attitudes. The genogram will allow me to see if there was any domestic violence or abuse in the familys history and will also allow me to get a better idea of the attitudes men had towards women in Stans family of origin. Furthermore, the genogram will help indicate how differentiated Stan and Jen are from their own parents and how self-differentiation looks in their familys past. The genogram will reveal many aspects of Jen and Stans family history, some more important than others, but all useful in understanding this couple.Once the genogram is established I will be able to focus on generational issues. However, in order to help the family more immediately, decreasing the anxiety that Jen is feeling will be absolutely necessary. When anxietyis decreased presenting symptoms will begin tomodify or decrease. Nevertheless, this will mean that Stan, Steve and Joel will need to learn to be more differentiated from Jen. Stan is interesting, because he has a very sexist attitude toward Jen, but totally relies on her and her parents for most things in life. He needs to recognize this in order to help Jen lessen her anxiety. One way in which I will help the boys become more differentiated from Jen is by, first of all, asking Stan to stop name Jen mom. Since Stan sets the tone and attitude for his children, having him break this habit will be helpful. It might also create a more intimate attitude toward the couple. Furthermore, Joel will need to sit at least two chairs away from Jen for all future sessions. And finally, Jen will be asked to allow Joel to speak for himself so that he can find his own voice.Part of this familys treatment plan will rely on my use of interventions. It will be very important that I am able to model to them what healthy parenting relationships may look like. I also will need to develop a functioning healthy triangle between Stan, Jen and myself. I believe that once the parents relationship is put into a more h ealthful place, the children will begin to differentiate themselves from their parents. A component of working on Jen and Stans relationship will include Stan having more communication with his own mother and with Jens parents. It will also include Jen and Stan taking some time out to research their own family history which will hopefully enlighten both of them on a few different levels.Finally, Jens major homework will be to take an hour out of each day where she is not available to her family in any capacity and she must journal about this process three times a week. This homework will expectantly allow her family to learn to differentiate themselves from her and reduce some anxiety in her immediate stage of life. Also, I believe this exercise will be very eye opening for Stan to see how much he actually relies on Jen.Stan and Jens family should continue therapy for a minimum of one year, as Bowen believes four years is a more reasonable prognosis schedule. If the children do not continue, Stan and Jen should follow through with couple therapy. I would imagine that couple therapy will be more beneficial in thelong run and that their sons will only need to be in family therapy initially. In fact, if I have done my job properly the children will want to discontinue therapy on their own accord. This will be a great indication of the differentiation they are achieving. However, once Joel, Derek and Steve terminate their role in therapy the reason why Stan and Jen will need to continue is so they can fully appreciate the generational transmission process and understand how their emotional projection onto their children is prohibiting growth and differentiation in their clan of five.ConclusionBowen Family Systems Therapy is a therapy that focuses on emotional process rather than content. Murray Bowens eight concepts outline this idea of emotional process very clearly and make following a system and intervention plan easier for a therapist. While some of Bowens Th eory and concepts are based on his own laic viewpoint, God shines through this theory in His own way. Biblically, many facets of Bowens theory are sound which only make a better case for the knowledge that the Bible has to offer the world. Since God is the Ultimate Counselor, it makes sense that differentiation would be mentioned in His Word first.In conclusion, looking at the case study, along with the treatment plan, interventions and prognosis one can get a much better idea of how Bowen Theory can be implemented into family therapy. The family depicted in the case study thought that the problem was the mother, Jen. But it turned out that she was not the only problem. In the treatment plan it was important to focus on the familys emotional process rather than fixing Jen. All of the members of the family needed to learn to think on their own two feet and live parts of their lives without Jens approval. Once this happens, Jen should feel substantially less anxious and angry. Thus, this case was classic for employing Bowenian Therapy. However, Bowen Family Systems Therapy can be applied to any case and will always achieve satisfactory results as Bowen is a master at family therapy.ReferencesFritzlan, L. (1991). How to Get Your Own Life and Not Get Overwhelmed by Your Family. Pacific Grove. Brooks/Cole print Company.Goldenberg, I., Goldenberg, H.(1990). Family Therapy An Overview. Pacific Grove, CA. Brooks/Cole Publishing CompanyKerr, M., Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation An Approach Based on Bowen Theory. New York, NY. W.W. Norton & Company.Miller, Richard B., et al. (2004). Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Family Systems Therapy Is Bowen Theory Valid? A Review of Basic Research. Blackwell Publishing.http//www.interventions.net/BowenTheoryUpdated.pdf

A Quick Look at Castiglione and Cellini Life Essay

Lawrence in his book Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, stated that Early sixteenth-century Renaissance culture was a study in contrasts. The plosive not only marked a time when some of the most refined artistic accomplishments were achieved, it was also a period of great social upheaval(332). In fact, there were many outstanding artists at that time, among them were Castiglione known for their philosophy of life and Cellini the first artist who really lived his own life.Castiglione was a well-rounded man with chivalry spirit as the author described He was a versatile man a person of profound leaning, furnished with physical and martial skills, and possessed of a noble and refined demeanor(332). The fact that he well-educated and aristocratic, he worked at the Urbino court from 1504 to 1506 and decided to write The Courtier that took him cardinal years. According to the book he wrote, a true gentlemen should have brain and have adequate knowledge about history but the most big thing is do not rely in Christian.He also mentioned in his book about how to refined courtesy because when we redefined courtesy, we can clean the court. A cleaned court leads to a clean country. In addition, a well-rounded person according to Castiglione should do all thing sprezzatura means behavior in which every action is do not with effort and though about it. The influence of his book mainly impacted to the upper classes that taught what gentlemen should be. He imagined a courtiers world is a world very wealthy and aristocratic.Cellini was a talented Florentine goldsmith and sculptor whose life, frankly chronicled, was a seemingly never-ending panorama of violence, intrigue, quarrel, sexual excess, egotism, and governmental machination(333). He lived a period of religious, political, social and military. He was the first artist ever frankly tell about his personal life at this period. In contrast with Castiglione who wrote The Courtier, Cellinis life was very normal , he did whatever he want, he dared to love and do not care how public criticized him.In short, Cellini did not dole out the most talented sculptors and nobody can deny his skill as a craftsman. An airy look of Castiglione and Cellini show us the contrast in adult male way of life. In one hand, Castiglione was seemed to be perfect but in my point of view, his imaginary world was hard to be reach. In the other hand, I like Cellini who was a normal guy with his own talent. Life is short and maybe he knew it and he dated to do unusual thing contempt of public opinion. Work citedLawrence Cunningham and John Reich, Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Dehavilland Inc Essay

With the current production and upcoming product development and squinchs up de Havilland Inc. decided that that the pettifoggery shroud and equipment quest door vendor arrangements needed to be reviewed. With no solid contracts in place and the request to review vendors and reduce monetary value. Creating long term relationships and multiple contracts gives the tractability de Havilland requires.Issue Identification Immediate Issue Changing vendors for the supply of the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors due to the un allow foringness of Dollard reducing their costs by 25%. de Havilland Inc. believes that their could be significant savings in total manufacturing. Some vendors are working without any contracts and any possible savings they could be losing without having contracts in place. The risks of moving to a current vendor are the sustainability of the company for the long term and product durability. Is Marton Enterprises going to be able to keep up with production and provide a quality product.Long term Vendor relationships de Havilland currently has two major suppliers for the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors. With no firm contracting or relationships in place. A small base of vendors creates closer partnerships. But having one supplier of both products could create problems on the reliability and having one supplier means you rely lonesome(prenominal) on that vendor. De Havilland would be at their mercy if economic and production activities were to come to a halt. Greater ability to renegotiate with the possibility of not having to search for new vendors.Long term Contract pricing Cost savings on both sides for de Havilland and their customers. Firm, fixed prices would reduce the need for frequent negotiations.Environmental and Root make water Analysis Root CausesCurrently Dollard Plastics of Montreal, Quebec supplies them with the flap shrouds. But parts for the Series 100 were not covered by any contract but the flap shrouds for the Ser ies 300 A were supplied under a contract that would expire in 1993. Currently Lakeside Industries based in Kingston, Ontario supplied all equipment bay doors with no specific contract in place. When Dollard was presented with a request of 25% discount across the board for the flap shrouds because de Havilland believes that Dollard is on the high side. Dollard refused, that then was the basis to nonplus it to competitive bid.Because of the policy that Boeing had implemented and a request was made to reduce costs by 25% and the current supplier Dollard was unwilling to lower their costs on the flap shroud. The purchasing process moved to solicit a number of bids. Since some vendors have contracts and others put one overt de Havilland felt they could capture cost savings through more contracts with more vendors and reduce the need for frequent negotiations. Production IssueMoving to Marton Enterprises de Havilland doesnt know the type of work they do and if they could keep up with pr oduction. With Marton providing all parts for the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors the reliability is great on ensuring parts are manufactured on time. How is it that Marton can aver the flaps and doors for significantly less than Dollard? get under ones skin Marton create a prototype and verify the material being used. Ensure all tooling is available.Implementing the strategic goal of having some(prenominal) vendors and contracts for long term alliances alleviates the need to go out to bid every year. Relationships are built with the current vendors and competitive pricing is in place. This type of contract is easier to manage and production and financial forecasting is easier to predict.Alternatives and or Options Alternative 1 Keep things as they are for contracts and vendors. Pro We know the quality of work from Dollard and dont need to worry about keeping up with production. Reliable. Con But the unwillingness to cut costs is a concern.Alternative 2 Have many contracts w ith multiple vendors. Pro Having many vendors including Marton to choose from gives the flexability de Havilland wants with cost savings, firm pricing and vendor relationships. Huge cost savings compared to the other companies Con faint-hearted of quality and if they are reliable to keep up with production. Currently Kevlar is being used and the other choices were nickel, graphite and aluminum. These choices had important implications for tool cost and durability.Recommendations I inspire Alternative 2. There are real cost cutting savings with moving to Marton. By leveraging more than one vendor and contract the flexability will be available for suppling the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors. This will have all vendors working under the same policy Boeing has implemented since taking over deHavilland. take a crap contracts for vendors not under contract right now.

Article Review Draft

I am reviewing literature that relates to my question topic of how the Information genealogy furbish ups the avocation lay out in the logistics field. I extradite assembled 16 individual books, words, and or sources that will support me in my research of my hypothesis. My goal of this review is to properly put in and take up the data have accumulated, and to determine areas in which further research and focus is required (Crewel, 2014). The first condition that is going to be absolutely critical to my research is the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) Occupational employment statistics estimates.This isnt an article but much specifically a database of information collected by U. S. Overpayment organizations in order to face nationwide employment rates. The data is collected on a monthly basis by the U. S. Census Bureau and from a sampling Of sixty jet households. The employment databases goes back to 1942, however for purposes of my study I will just use recent informatio n from the last 10-15 years. While this data is subjective, it offers strong focalise of supporting historical employment trends in logistics career fields, and is the current standard in U. S. Employment information (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). In a research article by (Anderson, German, & Scrum, 1 997), the composes look to provide empirical research into the conflicts of downsizing or reducing the amount of employees on logistics performance. Two main conclusions are reached companies that have reduced their logistics workforce have a perception of improved logistics performance but in reality they have the same indicators as firms that have non reduced their workforce. The other conclusion is the reduction of workforce contributes greatly to the lack of loyalty, decreased moral, and vastly increased stress levels.This article provides interesting argument that breast firms striving to reduce employee number totals reduction equally increases negative aspects as well. The article (Jackson, 2001 ) clarifies the beginning of the internet age and details what and when it came into existence, as we know it today. The learning of the Internet was a col comminuteative team research effort created in U. S. Governmental agencies around 1960. The Internet was not a viable option for civil society until 1990. This article will allow me to accurately focus on the proper time frame of Internet availability to the logistics community.I will not believe solely on the information in this article and back up the findings of this article with the data in a similar Internet origin articles. to boot this article makes clear that the many supporting technologies and infrastructure developments positively contributed to the advent of the Internet. In the article by (Laser, 2004), he explores the delegacys and methods that the Internet, computers, and software with communications affect logistics and specifically transportation. This study confirms the vast impo rtance of technology in revolutionize modern logistics areas.One important aspect of this particular article is the mint that no field of study the technological innovation, location still drives transportation speed, timeliness and efficacy. I can utilize this important realization with other aspects of research and technology application and fit my internal bias is reduced. The anchor takeaway I came away with is that no matter how much information or data is improved the location and length of transporting goods and materials will always persist. The article One on One by (Roberts, 2004) is an interview with the vice president of the company Oracle, Greg Tennyson.This interview captures the strategies ND leveraging of technologies in order to increase profitability of logistics operations within the realm of shipping raw materials globally. Specifically useful to my research is the discussion of offspring logistics operations. Offspring is describe as transitioning logistics operations from the L . S. To overseas markets, which offer vastly cheaper labor and trade restrictions. India is a primary market utilized by Oracle in this article. I believe that the perspective of cheaper overseas labor cannot be mistaken for the advances in informational technologies.This article will further reduction of y bias by tempering it with different empirical data supporting a theory that labor reductions in logistics may be due to cheaper labor in different regions of the globe. disrespect the increase of offspring, the article still reiterates the central importance of communications technologies in order to synchronize the complex and intricate global transactions. The article from (Atkinson, 1 999) discusses the habit of communications and web-based technologies in order to develop logistics cost savings.The specific technology discussed in this article is Collaborative, Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CUFF). CUFF is the Internet based communications b usiness solution utilized by many fortune 500 companies today including Wall-Mart. The article details the successes of this technology from a cost savings perspective. The key point of this study in relation to my research is the importance of communications, not only externally to a logistics company, but internal as well. Communication enables well-timed(a) delivery of information and ensures needs are forecasted and met.Technology and automation coupled with advanced communications technology is integral with the future Of logistics. In another article from (Atkinson, 1999), the author cuisses the expansion of the Internet in the logistics sector and the development and maturation of E-commerce. E-commerce is commerce that takes place between two or more organizations electronically. Early on in the inception of the Internet, many logistics companies were reticent to employ Internet based technologies in fear of security issues.Those companies that mastered the web-based techno logies were rewarded by reduction in costs and labor efficiencies. The main learning point of this article is the fact that it correlates using technology and the Internet with reducing labor forces and Ewing more productive with less people employed. With the article by (McGovern, 1998), it is undeniable that the Internet is a crucial area for growth in logistics sectors. The only argument about the Internet as it pertains to the logistics industry is how to use and utilize it in the best manner possible.The main issue with this article in regards to my research is the fact that it pertains mainly to visibility and communication and does not complicate hard data with employment statistics. While can use the perspective and insight provided additional support with numerical data will be more relevant to use in my study. I can always use and improve upon the information provided in this study. The article is quite old (1998) in theatrical role to the subject of my research.I will be able to use all information here as either pre or post Internet and in that way even older articles can provide much-needed context. With infill article by (Williams, 2001) he provides additional support to the origins of the Internet. This article analyzes three components of logistics, inventory control, order processing and transportation. The Internet impacts all three areas in positive ways in the article. One area this article could be of more assistance to my research reports is again more usage of empirical data and numerical figures on employment and how that relates to performance.In conclusion the articles summarized together present a consistent gap of research in regards to how informational technologies impact the employment of logistics employees. I believe can utilize the data surveys from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and incorporate supporting documentation to identify that informational technologies did and continue to reduce employment opportunities within th e united States of America. Can continue to refine my literature or more clearly define the scope of my research question in order o synchronize the availability of research available at this time.

Identity of the Artist: Bob Dylan’s Chronicles Essay

Early on in his rambling memoir, Chronicles (2004), Bob Dylan expresses a surprising affiliation. Id read that stuff. Voltaire, Rousseau, John Locke, Montesquieu, MartinLuthervisionaries, revolutionariesit was like I knew those guys, like theyd been living in my backyard. (p. 30) This backyard of the songwriter, identified through with(predicate) much of his c arer with subversion and rebellion, is a striking revelation, though the intellectual content of his most famous early albums may, in retrospect, be viewed as a preparation for it.In various new(prenominal) ways Dylan is surprising. It seems likely that he overlyk on the writing of the book out of a drive to clarify his life-motive, to set the record straight with regard to some(prenominal) his artistic heritage and his character as a man. The stereotype of the misunderstood artist applies in his case, in a manner to highlight non his knowledgeable reality as a mystagogue, or political luminary, but as a man, relatively, of conventionfamily-oriented, taking pleasure in consumption, in friendship, in kinsperson avowership, in success as a parent and provider.With marriage and fatherhood, in fact, Dylan seems decidedly to take the measure of his own would-be character. Political/cultural spokesmanship is not for him. In fact he repeatedly deplores the sort of activist political role others try to cast him in. In the New Morning chapter, he writes The events of the day, every the cultural mumbo jumbo were imprisoning my soulnauseating mecivil rights and political leaders being gunned down the whole shebang. I was determined to put myself beyond the concern of it all. I was a family man now, didnt want to be in that group portrait. (p. 109)Bob Dylans Chronicles 4 Fame and political miscasting evolve eventually into a martyrdom. Seeming proud of his acquaintances among the conventionally and competently famous (actor Tony Curtis, singer Frank Sinatra Jr. , country music star Johnny Cash), he wants no department of either his starry-eyed fans, or his politically revved-up and misguided disciples. His home is no refuge. Pursuers follow him to the country. Intolerably besieged, he moves from Woodstock in rural New York, to New York City, to the western United States Coast, to East Hampton on Long Island, where at last he seems find partial refuge.Visited there by Bono of the radical group U2, he shares not so much any politically correct views, or high-powered visions of change, as his recollections of small-town Minnesota memories of ordinariness the giant kitsch statue of a Viking in the town of Alexandria, the Mesabi Iron cast where he grew up (pp. 174-175). One of the more impressive aspects of Chronicles is Dylans candid self-assessments, especially in the Oh Mercy chapter. My performance days in heavy avocation had been grinding to a halt for a while, had almost come to full stop. I had single-handedly shot myself in the foot too many times.You rude to deliver the good s, not waste your time and everybody elses. There was a missing person inside of myself and I needed to find him. (p. 147) Here the artist appears as an honest workman. His fame established, he recognizes that his live performances have grown shoddy. He takes himself to task, rejects self-indulgence and excuses. I felt done for, a burned-out wreck (p. 147). Such comments are not the evasions of a complacent drone, or a degenerate renegade resting on ill-gotten laurels. This is the voice of chagrined manhood, of the tough personal stance.The singer goes on from here to chronicle his personal struggle toward a new performance style, eventuating in a whole change of approach. Dylans capacity to work through crises appears to stem from formative childhood situations later recapitulated in his melodious influences. In the fifth chapter of Chronicles , River of Ice, Bob Dylans Chronicles 5 he reminisces about the period in his career just prior to his relocating in New York City. At this time he is living in Minneapolis, in the same state as his family, full in Minnesotan resonances and recollections.That he is so powerfully drawn to the music of Woody Guthrie is clearly attributable to the blue-collar surroundings of his early home life, the evident truths purveyed as standard growing-up fare by his parents. His father, he tells us, was pragmatic and always had a word of cryptic advice. His mother concerns herself with his not being harmed by a lot of monkey business out there in the world (p. 226). Within ii pages of these recollections, he makes explicit his antipathy for the mondo teeno scene and his preference for the tralatitiousistic stuff with a capital T (p.228). And the singer who embodies for him the conjunction of working class roots and the traditional stuff is, un forefrontably, Guthrie. The whole uniqueness of Dylans musical art seems to take its early inspiration from this towering figure, whose work tore everything in his path to pieces and h ad the infinite sweep of humanity in it (p. 244). It is not too much to say that Guthrie is even a father figure to the young musician, who aspires to be his greatest disciple and feels, though he has never met the older man, that the two of them are related (p.246). An exact connection between Dylans folk-music-and-blue-collar heritage on the one hand, and his rather middle-class approach to life in the foment of his economic success as a star on the other may not exist except in the singers own psyche. Notwithstanding, the aspiration to a better lifeunderstood as an increased ability to purchase and consumeis as much an American tradition with a capital T as folk music, or union membership.Dylan makes it clear that, once he has a family (and probably before), there is never any question of divided loyalties, or the assumption of a role seriously at odds with the political status quo. For him, the American scene of his youth was wide opennot only was it not run by God, but it wasn t run by the Bob Dylans Chronicles 6 devil either (p. 293). And, on the evidence of his career and allegiances, this negative certainty has proven endorsement enough for him. Bob Dylans Chronicles 1Running Head BOB DYLANS CHRONICLES indistinguishability of the Artist Bob Dylans Chronicles Name School Professor Course Bob Dylans Chronicles 2 Abstract In his autobiographical memoir, Chronicles, Bob Dylan reveals a character that is conventional and politically unradical, despite popular misreadings and the attempts of his activist contemporaries to recruit him as spokesman for radical causes. His life and work show strong allegiances to traditional American family life and American folk music, especially that of Woody Guthrie.

Education for illegal immigrant children Essay

Each year there ar uncountable numbers if students who face numerous problems to pee-pee the laid-backer gentility,as of prouder erupt assign tiptoes and disallow prospects for employment.north Carolina study authority estimate about xv hundred children of nonlegal immigrants graduate from high school each(prenominal) year. These students have hardly a(prenominal)er opportunities for higher education and piles pf barriers to attend a college with out in affirm fees. The urban institute estimate that each year about 65 thousand children of misbranded immigrants who live in the U.S for five years or longer graduate high schools. Among them many students are non allowed to attain higher education of world undocumented ans some(prenominal) could not pay fees as not cosmos in deposit fees applied to them. The dream go leave behind show a way to those illegal immigrants and children of illegal immigrant to harbour themselves legalize and who are in U.S. Since year s or whom are brought young by their parents as wellspring as whom are born here spend their most of the lives here. It will also make readying which limits the way in which state wish to provide in state tuition to undocumented residents, may structure such honors, by requiring them to provide the same benefits to eligible students who do not reside in this state.But, although the Dream Act eliminates the barriers, it does not bind the states to provide in state tuition to any undocumented immigrants. Therefore the each state need to determine either they are providing in state fees to the children of illegal immigrants or not. Maryland state analyst estimated the adverse effects of this legislation will increase in the enrollment and mandatory education funding, but on the other hand , it will cost the state an extra $ 800,000 by fiscal 2012 and $ 3.5 million by fiscal 2014. The students should sign an affidavit stating that they will render permanent status within 30 days of becoming the law k-12. This service is provided in some states , but in other states universities and colleges are charging almost the double charge for the out of state students. In 1996, Federal law mandates that if in state rates are assumption to illegals, those rates to be given to appli merchant shipts of every states in U.S. Federal law. In 2008 report by the center of policy entrepreneurship (CPE), one of the few studies that have been released , many states have not yet analyzed the effects, most statistics do not specifically track data for the unauthorized immigrants. Tuition fees laws has boosted college enrollment rates and many have reduced high school dropout rates which indicates a better work force for U.S in the future.Among all. Texas has the largest increased enrollment since do its tuition benefit law in 2001. According to the Texas higher education co-ordination board , students benefits total in 9062, in 2007-2008 out of 1.1 million students enrolled in Texa s public college and universities. CPE reports conclude that there are no negative fiscal impacts in states after implementing the in state tuition benefits. A few states conclude their purpose as unknown and some others claim loss because of different between in state and out state. The student who takes advantage of in state tuition is already fell on the group in which government has invested its money , which will come back to government on future as tax revenue . Todays global parsimoniousness needs more and more knowledgeable and skill effective workers which will be multi-lingual and multi-cultural to be complete set of innovators and intellectual force within the entire world. Universities presidents and education associations and many social activists have urged the congress to pass the Dream Act which supports the in state. More than immigrants will get access to higher education which help large number if future tax payers which make for the country to invest them by providing in state tuition.This could play significant amounts of tax for the strong economy of us. The state and government must fair to the children of illegal immigrant as they must not be penalise for their parents deeds. In some cases the students are so intelligent , hard working and goal oriented with high academic grades but they dont realize that they are in process of applying to institutes , that they will not able to attend. It is not made free but discounted as U.S economy is in the shoulder of youths so, if they are well educated then the country economy will boost automatically. Educated youth attains professed(prenominal) jobs that helps to reduce the burdens of social service budgets and higher earners will pay subsequent amount of tax that contributes general economy. Providing in state fees to illegal aliens makes legallyapplying international students are suckers from not becoming an illegal aliens. College appeal are limited thus each state should provide d irect competition within illegal aliens. The revenue of universities and colleges will be loss if all illegal aliens are given in state tuition fees. So every person and child deserve better education and equal opportunities. They can make their life mush easier and make themselves more competitive.As in this case every idiosyncratic should get equal education by the Equal Education Act of U.S. It is unfair to those children whom are although being sharp and strong desire to study couldnt able to fulfill their desire. As in this issues some states are providing in state tuition fees to those students which make them capable to complete in this competitive commercialise but due to lack of documents they arent able to attend colleges. This situation seems totally unfair and unethical to the childrens for their parents deeds. Though ,there are controversies and issues but it seems to have clear provision by the federal law of us to get higher education to the children of illegal immi grants which does not cause as loss as people believes . So, we believe that all peoples should must get equal opportunity and education for overall development and to make life much advanced as possible. Thats why government should think and act seriously about the federal act of U.S. Children of illegal immigrant should get in state tuition fee on the college and equal education opportunity and vice versa.WORK CITED PAGELos Angles times A path to college , Nov. 17 2010New York Times Dreaming of Reform ,Estimating the impact of the Dream Act by Steven A. Camarota In state tuition for Md. Illegal immigrant on table by David Hill the Washington Times carbon monoxide gas Alliance for immigration reformsNational immigrant law centreFederation for american immigrant reform ( taxpayers should not subsidise college for illegal aliens)

Menigitis research paper Essay

Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membranes covering the wizard and spinal cord. A family who lived in Geneva, Switzerland was first diagnosed with the disease in 1805. It was not until 1866, that the disease traveled its style into the United States. Professor Anton Weichselbaum discovered the stir of cerebro-spinal meningitis illness in 1887. There are five types of meningitis bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, parasitic meningitis, fungal meningitis, and non-infectious meningitis. Bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis are the two most common and wicked types of meningitis.Bacteria meningitis is caused by bacteria. There are several types of pathogens that can cause bacterial meningitis Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. several(prenominal) of the symptoms of Bacteria meningitis are nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light, and confusion. Bacteria meningitis can be life threatening and go forth in the need o f medical attention. It is also contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.viral meningitis is more(prenominal) common, than Bacterial meningitis and is sometimes referred to as aseptic meningitis. Viruses, like enteroviruses and herpes simplex viruses, cause viral meningitis. Viral meningitis occurs mostly in children younger than the age of five. The most common cause of viral meningitis is enteroviruses, which is most a good deal spread from person to person through fecal contamination. There is no specific treatment for Viral meningitis. It is just like any other virus, it runs its course for about 7 to 10 days. To prevent from acquire Viral meningitis, you should wash your hands thoroughly, especially after changing diapers and using the bathroom, and avoid sharing items with egest people or when you are sick, such as eating utensils.Both bacterial and viral meningitis confront similar signs and symptoms, but bacterial meningitis is more severe and fatal. There are vac cines for some of the types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis. There are no vaccines for the most common cause of viral meningitis, so the high hat way to prevent it is to not get a viral infection.Works Cited Page1. 2.http//www.ehow.com/about_5234584_meningitis-first-discovered_.html 2. 3.http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9276.php3. 4.http//www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Meningitis.aspx 4. 5.http//www.meningitis-trust.org/meningitis-info/types-and-causes/ 5. 6.http//www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html6. 7.http//www.nmaus.org/meningitis/viral-or-bacterial.htm

Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Chapter 3 General attitudes predict general demeanour 3. Accessibility Attitudes and employment mirth Attitudes evaluative Statements (fav. or unfav) about objects, throng or til nowts I like my line of business Attitude about my job Components of Attitude 1. Cognitive I am overloaded A description of or belief in the personal manner things are Opinion / belief segment 2. Affective I hate this job more than critical part of attitude Emotional or feeling segment of the attitude 3. behavioural I am looking for another job Intention to be endure in a certain way towards someone or something Very interdependent components.Esp Cognition and Affect 2. Major byplay Attitudes 1. Job comfort Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job Involvement Degree to which people identify psychologically with their job+ consider perceived performance level as self-worth Psychological potency employees belief in the degree to which he/she is influenc ing the work environment, their competence, meaningfulness of job and perceived autonomy Memory-easy access-predicts our behavior We remember attitudes we express often 4. Presence of social pressuresNon Smoker working in Tobacco grind 5. Direct Experience with the attitude A-B bond will be much stronger with direct personal exp Eg inquire college students about work pressure would not give substantial results Leon Festinger Conventional thought Behavior is forever and a day assumed to follow from attitude Challenged by Leon Festinger Attitudes follow behavior (eg using a car you hate be causal agent you are forces to changes your attitude about the car) High amounts of JI and PE leads to reduced absences and lower derangement rates 3. organisational Commitment 3 separate dimensions a. b. . Affective Continuance Normative Cognitive Dissonance When an individual faces repulsion across components of attitude or surrounded by attitude and behavior or attitudes themselves The nor mal human inclination of an orbit is to reduce this incompatibility and seek a stable state (minimum of dissonance*) *dissonance means incongruousness/disagreement Affective Emotional Attachment to Organzn (ALLEGIANCE) Perceived economic value of continuing with the Organzn Obligation to go forward due to moral/ethical reasons OBLIGATION People want to have a consistency between their attitudes and behavior. ways employed 1. Change their attitude / behavior Continuance 2. Develop a rationale for the dissonance Eg Tobacco Workers who do not smoke Desire to reduce Dissonance depends on 1. 2. 3. Importance entice Rewards Normative POS Perceived Organization Support Degree to which employees believe that the Org. values their contribution and cares about their comfortably being Moderating Variables of attitudes relations 1. Importance of the Attitude Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values fancy a strong relation to behavior 2. Correspondence to behavior Employee EngagementRelatively new plan Involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for work Engaged employees have a deep commitment, whereas disengaged employees put except time and no energy/attention to work Specific attitudes predict specific behavior Namith Najeeb PGP -15 -028 Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics 2 approaches to measuring JS 1. undivided Global Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Outcomes of Satisfaction & Dissatisfaction Job Satisfaction & Job Performance Happy Workers Perform better Not a myth anymore, has been proved empirically Org . ith more conform to employees perform better Job Satisfaction & OCB Organizational Citizenship Behavior convenient colloquy +ve about the company, help others and do more Fairness perception giving back the goodness they true Job Satisfaction & Customer Satisfaction Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty Employee morale goes down sales effected All t hings considered how satisfied are you with your job? Likert Scale 2. Summation of Job Facets More sophisticated Identifies key elements in a job Nature of job, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, fellow worker relationsPersons with positive core self-evaluations (who believe in inner worth and basic competence) are more satisfied than people with negative core self-evaluations Job Satisfaction & Absenteeism More sick leave benefits encourage even satisfied employees to take leave of absence When several job opportunities are available dissatisfied employees have a higher absenteeism Job Satisfaction & Turnover* *Turnover-how long employees tend to stay Impact of Satisfied & Dissatisfied Workers at the Workplace Consequences of Dissatisfaction Exit Voice Loyalty leave off Model (EVLN Model) ActiveMore stronger than relation between JS and absenteeism When more emp. opport. are available turnover increases with Job Dissatisfaction Employees with high human capital tend to turnover due to more perceived opportunities Job Satisfaction & Workplace Deviance Exit Destructive Neglect Voice Constructive Loyalty Consequences of Job Dissatisfaction and Antagonistic relations with co-workers can cause these undesirable behaviors unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing, tardiness This is called Deviant Behavior in the Workplace / Counterproductive Behavior / Employee Withdrawal PassiveExit Looking to leave the Organization resign/new position Voice Actively & constructively attempt to improve conditions Suggests improvements, discusses prob with seniors Loyalty Passively but optimistically waiting for improvements Speak up for the orgnzn in the face of criticism Trusting the orgnzn to Do the right thing Neglect Passively allows condition to wane Leads to Chronic absenteeism / lateness, Reduced effort Increased error rate Namith Najeeb PGP -15 -028 To solve employee dissatisfaction try to solve the cause of the sati sfaction than trying to control or respond to different consequences of job dissatisfaction

Amy Tan, Two Kinds Essay

This storys main events take bum in Chinatown throughout the 1950s and perhaps early 1960s. The main character of the story, who is also the protagonist, is the author herself Amy Tan. The competitor happens to be her own find, who is always pushing Amy to discover some hidden talent and be someone she is non. There argon a few other minor characters in the story. There is Lindo Jong (who she calls Auntie Lindo), who is a close friend of Amys mother. Waverly Jong is Auntie Lindos daughter, who is close to Amys age. Amys piano instructor, who she calls hoar Chong, plays a small role in the story.Amys dad is included in the text, but does not play much of a role. In Two Kinds, the exposition is clear in the first cope with of pages. The story begins by explaining that Amys family moved to America when she was a baby, in 1949. Her mother is clear in her goals she wants Amy to be a child prodigy (a person with exceptional talent) and famous. Although in the beginning Amy seems acc epting of her mothers goal, there are some undertones which are clear to the reader that her mother may go likewise far. Symbolism in literature might include visual or sound elements as well as language. Amys piano was the main symbol of this story.In the end of the story, the event that she had it tuned and actually sat down to play shows us that she really cared about her mother-and the piano-after all. The songs that she plays at the end are also a symbol of the story, itself. She mentions playing 2 songs. The first is titled Pleading Child, and the wink one Perfectly Contented. These are songs that she had played when she was a child. She notices for the first time, after all of these years, that these two songs are actually two halves to the same song.The song represents Amys life. This is how the story ends. We get a attractive good idea of what Amys story is about and the theme behind it. She regrets not hard her best, and the way she has taken her mother for granted i n her life. A strong message like this makes us reflect on our own lives and relationships with the ones we love. Amy constructs the story in a way that makes the plot flow, and we are interest in what will happen to her next. Some of us may even feel like she is too hard on the protagonist-her mother. The ending resolves these feelings, because we discover she feels this, too.

Benefits of Data Mining

entropy excavation is defined as a process that uses statistical, mathematical, artificial word of honor, and machine-learning techniques to extract and identify useful cultivation and subsequent knowledge from large schoolingbases, including data w arhouses (Turban & Volonino, 2011). The reading identified using data exploit includes patterns indicating trends, correlations, rules, similarities, and apply as prophetical analytics. By employing predictive analytics, companies are actually open to understand the behavior of customers. predictive analytics examines and sorts data to find patterns that highlight customer behavior.The important behavioral patterns are those that indicate what customers piss responded to and leave behind respond to in the future. Also, patterns stub indicate a customer base that is in jeopardy with the company, customers that are non company-loyal and are easily lost. Predictive analytics of customer behavior green goddess be of grea t public assistance to the business (Turban & Volonino, 2011). Companies are able to build specific marking campaigns and models such as direct mail, online marking, or media marking based on customer preference and are ameliorate able to remove their products to a more targeted customer base.Knowing what the customer wants, what they will respond to, and which customer base to focus on contributes the guesswork out of marking and product development. Taking the information retrieved and using it correctly will entirely increase profits (Advantages, 2012). Association discovery using data mining appropriates a huge social welfare to companies. Association discovery is finding correlations or relationships between variables in a large database. For example, in legal injury of a supermarket, it is finding out that customers who procure onions and potatoes together are in addition highly likely to buy hamburger meat.These correlations where one set of products predict the buy ing of an different(prenominal) is referred to as associations. info mining can employ association discovery allowing business to predict buying patterns and allow for more effective operations management and can better pinpoint marketing strategy of coupons and incentives (Association Rule 2012). Web mining is another aspect of data mining. Web mining uses the data store on the Internet to analyze customer data and gather information beneficial to the company.Any magazine someone visits a website, uses a essay engine, clicks on a link, or makes an electronic transaction data is generated subject to analytics. Companies use web mining to gain customer preference and insight. The information gathered is used to improve websites and create a better user experience for the customers. Web mining can also be used alongside of predictive analytics. For example, on e-commerce sites every transaction is analyzed. When a customer clicks on a product, web mining tools can present a list o f products he/she may also be interested in because of other customers with the similar buying interests/habits.This tool can be exceedingly effective in gaining business intelligence of the buying habits and preferences of customers (Turban & Volonino, 2011). Data mining also employs clustering to find related customer information and to provide valuable information to the company. Clustering gathers information and designates clusters of similar products and objects. In data mining, clustering is usually the commencement ceremony step. It identifies similar information and groups them to be further examined. Customer information and demographics are an example of these clusters.The group characteristics are analyzed against desired outcomes to understand the buying habits of customers and what marketing campaigns will enhance customer response (Ali, Ghani, & Saeed). reliability of Data Mining The benefits of data have been examined, but it is important to look possible implicat ions as well. Data mining uses algorithms to predict patterns and customer behaviors. Constant measures are needed to make sure the algorithms are working correctly, but the issue of reliability stems a little deeper. Algorithms and data analysis can only be as reliable as the actual data analyzed.Data gathered from different sources can potentially be t or change surface conflicting. This greatly affects the validity and result of algorithm, especially predictive analysis. It could motley the customers historical purchases or demographic information rendering the information useless and even costly. Data mining is a useful tool and should be trusted up to a point. It should not be the only solution. Companies should not only use data mining for marking and operations decisions. The cost of mistaking customer preference and predicting behavior could be catastrophic (Data Mining).Privacy Concerns of Data Mining. One of the major disadvantages of data mining is the privacy concern s associated with the technique. Three major privacy concerns raised by consumers are identity operator theft, misuse of individualised information, and the big brother is watching you feeling (Orwell, 1954). The first concern is identity theft. With the change magnitude trend of e-commerce and electronic funds, identity theft has been a huge issue. The sheer amount and speed of information processing through data mining has led to a rise in identity theft making this valid concern. The information could easily fall into the hands of anyone (Exforsys Inc, 2006).The second concern is the misuse of personal information. Companies gather information as specific to customer purchases, names, phone numbers, addresses, and other information then workshop it in a database. Once obtained, copies can be made with little effort. Companies can easily sell this information to other companies. This is the exact concern of consumers. Consumer information can veritablely be misused, exploite d, or for favouritism making this a valid concern (Advantages, 2012). The last concern addressed in this paper is the resume loss of privacy, feeling controlled or watched.The government uses data mining to track patterns of criminal activity have considered using the technique to track the movement of people. Some people feel this goes too far, and not bad the consumer the choice of having his/her information in the database takes away personal freedom. This concern is tied into the misuse of information because what clams companies to selling information to governmental or private agencies with the sole purpose being to control or watch an individual. With the volatile nature of crime, and the increasing use of technology by government agencies, this concern is also valid (Advantages 2012).Measures have been interpreted to mollify these concerns. Companies that utilize data mining are required to take certain actions that protect their customers privacy. One of these actions is to remove and identity related attributes from each customer record before the data is transferred to analysts. Also banks allow for identity theft security services to alleviate the concern of financial security. All of these concerns are still important and steps will have to be forever made and adjusted to protect the security and privacy of personal and financial information (Li & Sarkar, 2006). authorized World Examples of Predictive Analytics Predictive analysis and how it is beneficial to companies has been discussed above in theory. To completely understand how predictive analysis is used is to look at real world examples. The first example is how a desist food restaurant used HyperActive Technologies to predict what customers might order. HyperActive Technologies developed a system of rules that allowed cameras to track vehicles pulling into the parking lot and track customers through the entire ordering process.Using predictive analysis of the data gathers from the ca meras, the restaurant was able to conclude that at lunchtime approximately twenty share of cars entering the parking lot would order at least one cheeseburger. With this information, the cooks were able to get a head start in food production cutting down on wait time for customers and increasing overall productivity (Turban & Volonino, 2011). Another example of a company that uses predictive analysis is that of INRX, the star(p) provider of merchandise information. INRX uses data mining by evaluating real time traffic measuring traffic problems and congestion.This data is collected from road censors, toll tags, traffic incident data, and commercial vehicles equipped with a GPS that continuously report their speed and location. Using predictive analytics, the data is studied to determine traffic patterns at certain locations and times. Drivers now have access to real time traffic information. This information has proven to be extremely effective and useful to drivers allowing them to make better decisions and avoid unnecessary delays (Turban & Volonino, 2011). The flower company, 1-800-FLOWERS. om, has also used data mining techniques, specifically predictive analytics. The company collects and analyses data at all contact points. Data collected includes historical purchases to discover trends, anticipate customer behavior, and meet customer needs and preferences. This technique has proven to be an effective way of increasing the response rate to customers, identifying profitable customers, and establishing customer loyalty. Customer retention change magnitude by over fifteen percent after the implementation of predictive analytics solidifying its effectiveness (Turban & Volonino, 2011).As shown through academic research and real world examples, data mining is a real and effective way of predicting customer behavior and buying patterns. Measures need to be taken not only to vote down the stigma that data mining is unsecure and takes away personal freedom, but to make sure individual information is, in fact protected. If these measures are taken, data mining is a win-win for both businesses and consumers. Consumers will feel heard, understood, and taken care of. Businesses can actually focus resources on building that business-to-customer relationship and will be able to give the people what they need.ReferencesAdvantages and disadvantages of data mining (2012). Retrieved December 9, 2012 from http//www.dataminingtechniques.net/data-mining-tutorial/advantages-and-disadvantages-ofdatamining/ Ali, R., Ghani, U., & Saeed, A. (n.d.) Data clustering and its applications. Retrieved December 5, 2012 from http//members.tripod.com/asim_saeed/paper.htm Data mining issues. (n.d.) Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http//www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/jason.frand/teacher/technologies/palace/ issues.htmExforsys Inc. (2006). Data mining privacy concerns. Retrieved December 5, 2012 from http//www.exforsys.com/tutorials/data-mining/data-mining-privacy-c oncerns.html Li, X. & Sarkar, S. (2006) Privacy protection in data mining. Retrieved December 6, 2012 from http//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1245621 Turban, E., & Volonino, L. (2011). Information technology for management improving strategic and operational functioning (8th ed.). New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc.